\m-«n-³]p-d-¯v- \-¶m-bn- \-S-¡p-¶- tlm-«-en-sâ- D-Xv-Lm-S-\-¯n-\v- B-gv-N-IÄ-¡v- ap-¼v- ]p-d-¯n-d-§n-b- aq-¶p-L-«- t\m-«o-kn-sâ- X-e-hm-N-Iw- C-§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p.-"-"-I-a-em-k-\-\pw- Ip-Spw-_-hpw- C-\n- \-K-c-¯n-te-bv-¡n-Ã-'-'- B-Zy- t\m-«o-kv- I-a-em-k-\-\pw- Ip-Spw-_-t¯-bpw- ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã.- a-säm-¶pw- ]-d-bm-sX- A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶p.- \m-«p-ImÀ- \m-«n-³]p-d-s¯- NÀ-¨-I-fnÂ- B-Imw-£-tbm-sS- C-tX-Xp- I-a-em-k-\-³ F-¶p- A-Ûp-Xw- Iq-dp-t¼mÄ- A-Xm- h-cp-¶p.- c-m-a-s¯- t\m-«o--kv- A-XnÂ- I-a-em-k-\-sâ- Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ- tlm-_n-I-fpw- `-£-W-io-e-hp-am-Wv- {]-Xn-]m-Zy- hn-j-bw.- h-Ã-t¸m-gpw- \-¶m-bn- `-£-Ww- I-gn-¡m-³ Sn-bm-\pw- Ip-Spw-_-hpw- \-K-c-¯n-te-bv-¡v- t]m-Im-dp-v.- C-\n- B- bm-{X- H-gn-hm-¡p-¶p.- c-m-a-s¯- t\m-«o-kpw- Xp-S-c-³ ss]-¦n-fn- sse-\nÂ- k-kv-s]-³kn-sâ- apÄ- ap-\-bnÂ- \nÀ-¯n- A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶p.- t\m«o-kv- ]-c-¼-c-bp-sS- A-h-km-\- e-¡-¯n-em-Wv- kw-K-Xn- \-ap-¡v- a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-Xv.- \-K-c-¯nÂ- am-{Xw- In-«p-¶- \-Ã- `-£-Ww- C-Xm- Cu- \m-«n-³ ]p-d-¯pw- In-«m-³ t]m-Ip-¶p.- A-Xn-\p- ..-..mw- Xo-¿-Xn- {]-hÀ-¯-\-am-cw-`n-¡p-¶- tlm-«-en-te-bv-¡v- h-cn-I.- hmÀ-¯-bp-sS- h-t¡m-f-sa-¯p-¶- ]-c-ky-¯n-sâ- tem-¡Â- ]-Xn-¸v- C-¶v- C-§-s\-sbm-s¡-bm-Wv.- P-\w- F-´p- kzo-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¦n-epw- tam-ln-¸n-¡p-¶- hm-N-I-§-fp-sS- A-I-¼-Sn- th-Ww.- hn-iz-kn-¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip-¶- bp-àn-bn-Ãm-bv-a-I-fp-sS- ta-s¼m-Sn- th-Ww.- A-§-s\-bm-Wv- h-³In-S- ]-c-ky- I-¼-\n-I-fnÂ- e-£-§Ä- hn-e-bp-Å- X-e-t¨m-dp-am-bn- "-"-tIm-¸n-ssd-äÀ-'-'- amÀ- F-s¶m-cp- Iq-«À- ]-c-ky-hm-N-I-§Ä-¡p- ]n-d-hn- \Â-Ip-¶-Xv.- B-k-àn-I-sf-bpw- B-{K-l-§-sf-bpw- Xr-jv-W-I-sf-bpw- Nq-j-Ww- sN-b-Xv- D-Xv-]-¶w- hn-ä-gn-¡p-¶- ]-c-ky-hm-N-I-§-fn-eq-sS- h-f-cp-¶- hn-]-Wn-bp-sS- Nn-{X-am-Wv- sX-fn-bp-¶-Xv.- F-{X-sb-{X- tam-l-\-am-b- sIm-Åp-I-bpw- s]m-Åp-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- ]-c-ky-hm-N-I-§Ä,- kzÀ-®w,- ImÀ,- a-Zyw,- D-t¯-P-I- a-cp-¶p-IÄ- F-s´-Ã-m-sa-´-Ãmw.-- ]-s£- C-sX-Ãmw- ]-c-ky-§Ä- D-Xv-]-¶-§Ä- hn-ä-gn-¡m-\p-Å- D-Xv-]m-Z-I-sâ- Xz-c-bpw- D-]-t`m-àm-hn-\p-Å- £-W-hp-am-Wv- I-S-sª-Sp-¯- ]-c-ky-hm-N-I-§Ä.- ]-c-ky-§-fpw- hmÀ-¯-I-fpw- X-½nÂ- ]-I-en-c-hp-IÄ- A-I-e-ap-v- A-b-YmÀ-°-hpw- km-¦Â-¸n-I-hp-am-b- tem-I-t¯-bv-¡v- a-\p-jy-a-\-Ên-s\- Iq-«n-sIm-p- sN-¶v- em-`-ap-d-¸n-¡p-¶- ]-c-ky-a-Ã- hmÀ-¯-IÄ.- h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ- bm-YmÀ-°y-§Ä- Im-Wm-a-d-b-¯n-cn-¡p-¶- hm-b-\-¡m-cn-te-bv-¡v-,- t{]-£-I-\n-te-bv-¡v- b-YmÀ-°-am-bnA-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I- F-¶-X-s{X- am-[ya-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ- Im-XÂ.-
kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-X-s¶- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cn-se- A-\ym-b-{]-hÀ-¯n-I-sf- hn-Nm-c-W- sN-bv-Xn-«p-v.-"-"-F-{X-tbm- Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b- kw-K-Xn-I-sf- A-\y-³am-sc- {i-²n-¸n-¨v- k-±p-t±-i- ip-²n- h-cp-¯-W-sa-¶n-cn-s¡- cm-Py-Im-cy-sa-¶- \m-Sy-¯mÂ- F-{X-t]À- tI-h-ew- ]-c-³am-cn-ep-Å- tZz-j-s¯- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-³ hÀ-¯-am-\- ]-{X-§-sf- cw-K-Ø-am-bn- IÂ-¸n-¨p-h-cp-¶n-Ã.- F-{X- t]-cm-Wv- cm-Py-ao-amw-k-IÀ-¡v- [À-t½m-]-tZ-i-§-sf- \Â-Im-sX- I-v- A-h-cp-sS- t\À-¡v- B-`m-k-i-c-§-sf- sX-Ãp- e-Ö- Iq-Sm-sX- {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xv.- F-¶p- am-{X-a-Ã- t\-sc- a-dn-¨v- A-[-a-XÂ-]-c-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶- F-{X-sb-{X- P-\-§-sf- A-hÀ- A-\À-l-hpw- A-\m-h-iy-am-bw- kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶n-Ã.-
(1900 G-{]nÂ- 22 se- tI-c-f- ZÀ-¸-Ww- ap-J-{]-kw-Kw-)-
cm-Py-Im-cy-sa-¶- \m-Sy-¯nÂ- ]-c-³am-cn-ep-Å- tZz-j-s¯- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-³ ]-{X-¯m-fp-IÄ- D-]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xpw- A-[-a-XÂ-]-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-h-sc- kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶-Xpw- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS- Im-e-t¯-bp-Å- am-[y-am-]-N-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.- F-¶m-en-¶v- ]-c-ky-hm-N-Iw- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶- tIm-¸-n-ssd-äÀ-am-cpw- D-±n-jv-S-Im-cy- km-[y-¯n-\m-bn- am-[y-a-§-sf- Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw- sN-bp-¶-h-cp-am-b- H-cp- k-¦-c- am-[y-a- k-aq-lw- cq-]-s¸-«p- h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.- s{]m-^-j-WÂ- an-I-hp-Å- tIm-¸n-ssd-äÀ-am-sc- sh-Ãp-¶- ]m-S-h-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv- sX-c-sª-Sp-¯- hm-N-I-§-fpw- {]-tbm-K-§-fp-am-bn- am-[y-a- ta-J-e-bnÂ- C-¡q-«À- km-¶n-²yw- D-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.- hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- X-§-fp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b- D-Xv-]-¶-§Ä- hn-ä-gn-¡m-³ am-[y-a- {]-hÀ-¯-I-cnÂ- H-cp- hn-`m-Kw- \-S-¯p-¶- {i-a-§Ä- tem-I-s¯-hn-sS-bpw- am-[y-a- ta-J-e- ]-T-\-hn-j-b-am-bn- sX-c-sª-Sp-¯-hÀ- {i-²n-t¡--Xm-Wv.- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\- tbm-Ky-X-IÄ- t\-Sn-b-h-cpw- tIm-¸n-ssd-änw-Kv- ssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-Å- _p-²n-im-en-I-fp-sam-s¡- cm-jv-{So-b- tI-c-f-¯n-sâ- \m-«p-h-gn-I-fnÂ- {]-tem-`n-¸n-¡p-¶- ap-Ã-¸q-a-W-hp-am-bn- Np-®m-¼p- tNm-Zn-¨p- \nÂ-¡p-¶p-v.-
a-säm-cp- Iq-«-cp-v- C-hÀ- C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-sâ- t]m-¡nÂ- A-kz-Ø-cm-Wv.- cm-{Xn- sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ- s]-t{Sm-am-Iv-kn-sâ- sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ- Np-h-sc-gp-Xm-³ Iq-Sn-b-Xpw- Im-¼-kv- P-\-dÂ- t_m-Un-bn-epw- {]-I-S-\-¯n-epw- kz-]v-\m-S-I-sc- t]m-se- F-t¶m- \-S-¶-Xp-sam-s¡- C-S-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- kw-c-£-I- ]-Z-hn- C-h-sc- GÂ-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶m-Wv- i-co-c-`m-j-bn-eq-sS-bpw- hm-Iv-Nm-Xp-c¯n-eq-sSbpw-- t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯m-³ {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv.- I-¯p-¶- sh-bn-e-¯v-,- hn-bÀ-¸nÂ,- tNm-c-bnÂ- Ip-XnÀ-¶- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-§-fp-sS- C-Sn-ap-g-¡-am-bn- sX-cp-hnÂ- \nÂ-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v- \n-e-hm-c-an-sÃ-¶v- C-hÀ- {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶p.- k-¦oÀ-®-am-b- km-aq-ly- A-h-Ø-I-sf- Ip-cp-¡-gn-¨v- kw-L-S-\m-t\-Xr-Xz-sa-Sp-¡p-¶- Xo-cp-am-\-§Ä-s¡-Xn-sc- hmÀ-¯m- kp-\m-an-IÄ- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶p.- C-§-s\-bp-Å-hÀ- \-bn-¡p-¶- {]-Øm-\w- sX-äm-bn- Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p-¶- {]-Øm-\-hp-am-Wn-hÀ-¡v- Nn-e-t¸m-sg-¦n-epw- C-hÀ-¡v- ip-²-K-Xn-¡m-cpw- C-S-Xp-]-£- hn-izm-kn-I-fp-am-b-h-cp-sS- a-\-kn-te-bv-¡v- Nn-e- kw-i-b-§-fp-sS- hn-¯n-Sm-\pw- ]n-¶o-Sv- ]m-I-¯n-\v- h-fÀ-¯n- hn-j-hr-£-am-¡m-\pw- {]-tXy-I- ]m-S-h-ap-v.- X-§-fp-sS- {]-Xn-`-bpw- kn-²n-bpw- amÀ-¡-äv- sN-¿m-³ ]-äm-sX- h-cp-t¼mÄ- k-l-Xm-]w- ]n-Sn-¨p-]-äp-I- h-gn- A-]-IÀ-j-Xm-t_m-[-¯nsâ- B-g-§Ä- Xm-m-³ {ian-¡pw- s]-cpw- \p-W-I-sf- t]m-¡-äSn-¡m-c-s\- sh-Ãp-¶- an-I-thm-sS- a-\-kp-I-fnÂ- hn-X-dpw.-þ- F-bv-Uv-kn-sâ- tcm-Km-Wp-¡-sf- kn-dn-©p-I-fn-em-¡n- a-\p-jy- i-co-c-¯nÂ- Ip-¯n-h-bv-¡p-¶- Nn-e-sc-¡p-dn-¨v- a-\-im-kv-{X-Ú-amÀ- ap-¶-dn-bn-¸v- \Â-Ip-¶p-v.-
I-a-en-sâ- K-±m-a- F-¶- kn-\n-a-bnÂ- H-cp- I-Ym-]m-{Xw- ]-d-bp-¶- U-b-tem-Kp-v.- I-Y-bpw- t\m-h-epw- F-gp-Xn- tXmÂ-hn-b-S-ª-h-cm-Wv- tP-W-en-Ìp-I-fm-Ip-¶-sX-¶v- `m-h-\-bp-sS- tem-I-¯v- k-¼-¶-cm-b- ]-{X-¡m-cp-sS- \m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-¶v- \-½p-sS- kp-µ-c-tI-c-fw,-- 11 Sn-hn- Nm-\-ep-IfmÂ-- k-ar-²am-b- tI-c-f-¯n-se- 40 e-£w- ho-Sp-I-fnÂ- C-¶v- Nm-\-e-h-Xm-c-I-cpw,- dn-t¸mÀ-«À-am-cpw- ]-Ip-Xn-a-d-¨- Iym-a-dZr-iy-§-fpw- tNÀ-¶v- ]p-Xn-sb-cp- tem-Iw- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶p.- Cu- h-en-b- tem-I-t¯-bv-¡v- `m-h-\m-kr-jv-Sn-I-fm-b- hmÀ-¯-IÄ- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- {Xn-Ãn-em-Wv- ]p-Xn-b- am-[y-a- {]-hÀ-¯-IÀ.- {]-`-h-tI-{µw- A-Úm-X-am-bn- Xp-S-cp-t¼m-gpw- ]m-hw- a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS- a-\-ÊnÂ- hn-jw- ]-SÀ-¯n-bn-cn-¡pw-.- \m-«n-³]p-d-§-fn-se- Nm-b-¡-S-I-fn-epw-,- _-kv- tÌm-¸p-I-fn-epw- \p-W-hym-]m-cw- \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-h-cp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- F-Un-j-\p-I-fm-bn- B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-Im-e-s¯- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cnÂ- Nn-eÀ- am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.- \m-Ww-sI-«pw- ]-W-ap-m-¡n- \m-W-t¡-Sn-s\- XoÀ-¡m-³ Xp-\n-ª-hÀ- C-¶v- a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ- X-s¶-bp--tÃm- ]-Ww-]-än- hmÀ-¯- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶- s]-bv-Uv- tPÀ-W-en-Ìp-IÄ- X-§-sf- k-lm-bn-¨p-sh-¶v- tI-{µ-a-{´n-Iq-Sn-bm-b- tIm-¬-{K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ- tNm-Zyw- sN-¿m-³ B-ßm-`n-am-\w- D-m-b- F-{X-t]-cp-v.- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- ]-Ww- hm-§m-³ X-¿m-dm-bn- R-§Ä- \nÂ-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v- a-säm-cp- ]-c-ky-hm-N-I-am-bn- A-Xn-s\- kzo-I-cn-¨- am-[y-a- tI-k-cn-IÄ- XoÀ-¨-bm-bpw- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\p- \Â-Ip-¶- \nÀ-Æ-N-\w- A-]-am-\-I-c-am-Wv.-
tem-I-s¯-¼m-Spw- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- hn-cp-²m-{I-a-W-§Ä-¡v- km-{am-Py-Xzw- t\-Xr-Xzw- \Â-Ip-t¼mÄ- ]-Ým-¯-e-sam-cp-¡m-³ am-[y-a-§-sf-bpw- a-X-§-sf-bpw- Iq-«p-]n-Sn-¨- N-cn-{Xw- ap-¶n-ep-v.- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- hn-tam-N-\- k-a-cw- A-c-§p- X-IÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ- Xn-c-¡-Y- X-¿m-dm-¡-s¸-«-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v- kn.-sF.-F-bp-sS- ]-c-ky-am-¡-s¸-« c-l-ky-§Ä- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- tem-I-cm-jv-{So-b- cw-K-¯v- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- kr-jv-Sn-¨- H-cp- \-Sp-¡-¯n-sâ- kr-jv-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.- tem-Iw- Np-h-¶p- Xp-S-§n-b- 40 I-fn-epw- 50 I-fn-epw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-Ø-bn-eq-sS- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- A-[n-Im-c-ta-dn-b- tI-c-fw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-jv-{S-¯n-se- kw-Øm-\-am-sW-¶-Xv- ssh-äv- lu-kn-s\- A-tem-k-c-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.- C-´y-bp-sS- `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b- ssN-\o-kv- d-jy-³ km-ao-]yw,- tI-c-f-sa-¶- {]-h-W-X- C-´y-bn-em-sI- ]-SÀ-¶m-ep-m-Ip-¶- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-I-¼-\-§Ä- C-h- tI-c-f-¯n-en-S-s]-Sp-¶-Xn-\v- Im-c-W-am-bn.- A-ta-cn-¡³ C-S-s]-S-se-¶ bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-te-bv-¡v- I-®p-Xp-d-¡p-t¼m-sg-Ãmw- ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-¶- ImÀ-«q-¬- kr-jv-Sm-¡Ä-¡p- ap-¶nÂ- A-ta-cn-¡³ tÌ-äv- sk-{I-«-dn- tPm-¬- F-¨v- U-Å-kv- ]-{X-k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ- C-§-s\- ]-d-ªp.- "-"-C-´y-bn-epw- C-t´m-t\-jy-bn-epw- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- t\-Sp-¶- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v- hn-P-b-§Ä- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- kq-N-\-I-fm-Wv.- I-½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ- cm-jv-{So-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-se-¯p-t¼m-sg-Ãmw- A-XnÂ- A-]-I-Sw- D-v-'-'.- kn.-sF.-F.- h-gn- C-dm-\n-epw,-- Nn-en-bn-epw-,- Kzm-«n-am-en-bn-epw- H-s¡- \-S-¯n-b- A-«n-a-dn-IÄ- N-cn-{X- h-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-bn- cm-jv-{So-b- hn-ZymÀ-°n-I-fp-sS- ap-¶n-ep-v.-
Nn-en-bnÂ- 1950ap-XÂ- Xp-SÀ-¶- \n-gÂ-bp-²w- ImÂ-\q-äm-tm-fw- \o-p.- Nn-en-bn-se- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-L-S-\-bnÂ- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n-¡p-m-b- ap-t¶-äw- X-IÀ-¡m-³ B-Zyw- sN-b-v-X-Xv- h-e-Xp-]-£-I-£n-bm-b- {In-kv-Xy-³ U-tam-{Im-än-Iv- ]mÀ-«n-sb- hn-e-s¡-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.- td-Un-tbm-tÌ-j-\p-I-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- kw-t{]-£-Ww- sN-bv-X-hmÀ-¯-IÄ- kn.-sF.-F- tI-{µ-§Ä- X-¿m-dm-¡n- \Â-In-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.- Nn-en-bn-se- G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw- kÀ-¡p-te-j-\p-Å- FÂ-saÀ-¡-dn- F-¶- ]-{X-¯n-\v- 15 e-£w- tUm-fÀ- \Â-In-sb-¶v- kn.-sF.-F- ]n-¶o-Sv- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨- tc-J-IÄ-X-s¶- hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.- H-Sp-hnÂ- 1973 sk-]v-Xw-_À- 11 \v- A-e-³-sb- sIm-e-sN-bv-Xp-sIm-v- kn.-sF.-F- X-§-fp-sS- ]-²-Xn- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n.-
kzn-äv-kÀ-em-v- B-Øm-\-am-¡n- {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶- [mÀ-½n-I- ]p-\-cp-²m-c-W- {]-Øm-\w- (tam-dÂ- do- BÀ-sa-âv-)- B-tKm-f-X-e-¯nÂ- I-½yq-Wn-Ìn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- \-S-¯n-b- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS- B-[n-Im-cn-I- sX-fn-hp-IÄ- C-t¸mÄ- \-ap-¡v- ap-¶n-ep-v-.- {^m-¦v- _p-¡v-am-³ F-¶- a-X-{]-`m-j-I-\v- sh-fp-¸m-³ Im-e-¯v- D-m-Ip-¶- ssZ-h-hn-fn-bpw- Xp-SÀ-¶v- ssZ-h-hp-am-bn- \-S-¡p-¶- U-b-tem-Kp-I-fp-am-Wv- {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ- A-Sn-¯-d- B-IÀ-j-I-am-b- kw-`m-j-W-si-en-bpw- B-sc-bpw- hn-iz-kn-¸n-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-h-X-c-W-ssi-en-bpw- am-\-dn-k-§-fpw- A-\p-`m-hn-I-sf- t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯p.- ]-cn-]qÀ-®- k-Xy-k-Ô-X,- ]-cn-ip-²n,- \n-kzmÀ-°-X,- kv-t\-lw- Xp-S-§n-b-h- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯n- hy-àn-I-sf- ip-²o-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å- D-]m-b-§Ä- ssZ-hw- F-¶pw- sh-fp-¸m-³ Im-e-¯v- C-t±-l-¯n-\v- ]-d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-s{X.- A-§-s\- ssZ-hw- D-]-tZ-in-¨- H-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- I-½yq-Wn-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b- k-a-cw.-
I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- sIm-Å-sb-bpw- sIm-e-]m-X-I-s¯-bpw- t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-sa-¶pw- hy-àn- ip-²n-bn-Ãm-¯-h-cp-sS- Iq-«-sa-¶pw- _p-¡v-am-sâ- A-\p-bm-bn-IÄ- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨p.- a-äp-Å-h-cnÂ- (am-{Xw)-- k-Xv-Kp-W-§Ä- Imw-£n-¡p-¶- k-Zm-Nm-c- kw-c-£-I-cpw- B-ß-h-©-\-I-fp-sS- {]-Xo-I-§-fm-b- Ip-sd- B-fp-I-fpw- tI-c-f-¯n-se- Cu- kn-²m-´-§Ä- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨p.- ]mÀ-«n-bn-se- Nn-e-sc-sb-Ãmw- D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-¡n- I-Y-IÄ- N-a-¨v- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨p.-
tI-c-f-¯nÂ- \n-¶p- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-¯v- ‘"-tIm'--’- hn-se- (kzn-äv-kÀ-e-n-se- "tIm'-- F-¶- ]-«-W-am-bn-cp-¶p- Fw.-BÀ.-F- bp-sS- B-Øm-\w-)- {^m-¦v- _p-¡v-am-sâ- k-hn-[-¯n-te-¡v- XoÀ-°m-S-\w- \-S-¯n-b- F-{X-sb-{X- t\-Xm-¡Ä,- a-¶-¯v- ]-Xv-a-\m-`-³,- ]n.-Sn.- Nm-t¡m,- kn.-F-¨v.- ap-l-½-Zv- tIm-b,- ^m-ZÀ- h-S-¡-³ I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- hn-cp-²-X-bp-sS- h-¯n-¡m-\n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ- a-¶-¯v- ]-Xv-a-\m-`-s\- am-[y-a-§Ä- ]p-I-gv-¯n-b-Xv- `m-c-X- tI-k-cn- C-Xm- hn-iz-tI-k-cn-bm-Im-³ t]m-Ip-¶p- F-¶m-Wv.- tI-c-f-¯n-se- am-[y-a-§-fpw- tIm- \Â-In-b- B-Xn-tY-b-Xz-¯nÂ- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- K-h-¬-sa-ân-s\-Xn-cm-bn- Xq-en-I-bnÂ- hn-jw- \n-d-¨p.- 1961þÂ- {_-ko-enÂ- \-S-¶- MRA- k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ- {]-`m-j-I-\m-b- sI.-Fw.-sN-dn-bm-³ (a-t\m-c-a-)- C-§-s\-bm-Wv- ]-d-ª-Xv.-
tI-c-fw- I-½yq-Wn-k-¯n-\p- \-jv-S-am-bmÂ- C-´y-bpw- \-jv-S-s¸-Spw.- C-´y- \-jv-S-s¸-«mÂ- d-jy-bpw- ssN-\-bpw- tem-I-s¯- Io-g-S-¡pw.- I-½yq-Wn-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b- k-a-c-¯n-\v- G-ä-hpw- ]-än-b- a-®v- tI-c-f-am-Wv.- [mÀ-½n-I- ]p-\-cp-²m-c-W- {]-Øm-\-¯n-\m-bn- F-â- ]-{X-hpw- k-¼-¯pw- C-Xm- k-aÀ-¸n-¡p-¶p.-
hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-Im-e-¯v- tI-c-f-¯n-se- ]-{X-§-fp-sS- B-sI- kÀ-¡p-te-j-³ 12,-000 B-bn-cp-¶p.- C-¶v- 35 e-£w- tIm-¸n-IÄ-.- hmÀ-¯m-Zr-iy-§Ä- 11 Sn-hn- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-eq-sS- 40 e-£w- Ip-Spw-_-§-fn-te-bv-¡v- C-S-Xp-]-£- hn-cp-²-X-sb- aq-e-[-\-t¯m-sSm-¸w- ap-dp-sI- ]n-Sn-¡p-¶- am-[y-a- kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b- k-a-cw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- G-{]nÂ- 13 \v- \-S-¶- sX-sc-ª-Sp-¸v.-
tI-c-f-¯nÂ- D-cp-¯n-cp-ªp- h-¶- H-cp- cm-jv-{So-b- Nn-{X-ap-v.- C-S-Xp-]-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ap-¶-Wn- kÀ-¡mÀ- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨- A-©m-a-Xv- _-Uv-P-äv- \Â-In-b- k-tµ-iw- tI-c-f- P-\-X-bv-¡v- h-f-sc- th-K-¯nÂ- {Km-ly-am-bn- F-Ãm- P-\-hn-`m-K-§-tfm-Spw- k-ao-]-\w- sIm-v- A-Sp-¯p- \n-¶- K-h-¬-sa-ân-s\-bpw- C-S-Xp-ap-¶-Wn-sb-bpw- A-I-¶p- \n-¶- P-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä- t]m-epw- kzo-I-cn-¨p- Xp-S-§n.- Pm-Xn- a-X- km-ap-Zm-bn-I- i-àn-I-fp-sS- tam-l-h-e-b-¯nÂ- \n-¶pw- `u-Xn-I- bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fn-te-bv-¡v- a-e-bm-fn-IÄ- D-WÀ-s¶-gp-t¶-äp.- {]-I-S-am-b- Cu- cm-jv-{So-b- am-ä-¯n-sâ- L-«-¯n-em-Wv- F-Ãm- ap-Jw-aq-Sn-I-fpw- am-än- h-e-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b- PoÀ-®-X-IÄ- ]p-d-¯p-h-¶-Xv.- h-e-Xp-]-£- A-e-am-c-I-fnÂ- \n-¶p- X-s¶- ]p-d-¯p- Nm-Sn-b- A-Øn-]-Rv-P-c-§Ä- tI-c-f- cm-jv-{So-b-¯nÂ- hy-à-am-b- {[p-ho-I-c-Ww- X-s¶- km-[y-am-¡n.- ap-¶nÂ- \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv- P-\-t£-a-¯n-sâ-bpw- kw-ip-²- cm-jv-{Sno-b-¯n-sâ-bpw- sh-¬-a-bmÀ-¶- Nn-{Xw- a-dp-`m-K-¯v- A-gn-a-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- kw-kv-Im-cn-I- PoÀ-®-X-I-fp-sS-bpw- ]p-gp-¡p-¯- ho-W- I-dp-¯- Nn-{Xw- `q-X-Im-e- \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ- \n-¶pw- hn-ap-à-am-bn- C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-\v- ]-co-£-Wm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-se-¦n-epw- Xp-SÀ-`-c-W-ta-I-W-sa-¶- \n-e-]m-Sv- G-hÀ-¡pw- t_m-[y-am-Ip-¶- X-c-¯nÂ- cm-jv-{So-b- tI-c-f-¯n-se- Np-h-cp-I-fnÂ- sX-fn-ªp-h-¶p.-
C-hn-sS-\n-¶m-Wv- A-ä- ssI-{]-tbm-K-apÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å- Ip-X-{´-§-fp-sS- A-c-s§m-cp-§n-b-Xv.- C-´y-bnÂ- C-S-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- i-_v-Zw- \nÀ-ho-cy-am-¡m-³ _w-Km-fn-se-bpw,- tI-c-f-¯n-se-bpw- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- t\-Xy-Xz-¯n-ep-Å- kÀ-¡m-cp-I-sf- A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡m-³ X-{´-§-sfm-cp-¡n-b- hm-jnw-Kv-S-¬- Km-Y-IÄ- tc-J-I-fpw- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-am-bn- \-½p-sS- ap-¶n-ep-v.- ssh-In- In-«n-b- ho-¡v-eo-Iv-kv- tc-J-IÄ- km-{am-Py-Xz- C-S-s]-S-ep-IÄ- F-{X-am-{Xw- C-¶pw- C-´y-³ cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-ep-s-¶v- t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.- `-c-W-I-£n-bm-b- tIm-¬-{K-kpw- h-e-Xp-]-£,- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- Pn-lz-I-fm-b- am-[y-a-§-fpw- k-ap-Zm-b- kw-L-S-\m- t\-Xr-Xz-§-fpw ]n-¶o-Sm-cw-`n-¨-Xv- a-\xim-kv-{X-bp-²-am-bn-cp-¶p.- ]-c-ky-am-b- F-XnÀ-¸v- C-S-Xp-]-£- ]n-´p-W- hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ- \n-gÂ- bp-²-am-Wv- kzo-I-cn-¨-Xv.- hn-tam-N-\- k-a-cw- \n-e-hnÂ- h-¶- kÀ-¡m-cn-s\-Xn-cm-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-cp-²- I-em-]-am-bn-cp-¶p.- F-¶mÂ- C-S-Xp-]-£- Xp-SÀ-kÀ-¡mÀ- F-¶- km-[y-X-sb- X-s¶- C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-\p-Å- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-²- Iq-«m-bv-a-¡m-Wv- tI-c-fw- km-£yw- h-ln-¨-Xv.- hmÀ-¯m-X-a-kv-I-c-W-§-fpw- `m-h-\-bnÂ- hn-cn-ª-h-bp-sS- hmÀ-¯m-cq-]-§-fp a-e-bm-fn-I-tf-sd- I-p.- kq-£-v-a- \yq-\-]-£w- \nÀ-®m-b-I-am-Ip-¶- sX-sc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ- P-bn-¡p-¶- ]-£w- tN-cp-¶ sN-dp-]-£-s¯- kz-´w- ]-£-¯p- D-d-¸n-¡m-³ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸-«- kÀ-tÆ-I-fp-sS- A-]-lm-c- Im-ew- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p- sX-sc-sª-Sp-¸p-Im-ew.-
5 ap-XÂ- 10%- h-sc- P-bn-¡p-¶- ap-¶-Wn-¡v- thm-«p-sN-¿m-\n-S-bp-s-¶v- ]-T-\-§Ä- Nq-n-¡m-«p-¶p.- A-t¸mÄ- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-ª-Xv- 5%- thm-«À-am-sc-sb-¦n-epw- kzm-[o-\n-¡m-\m-bmÂ- 12 e-£-t¯m-fw- thm-«À-am-sc- kzm-[o-\n-¡m-\p-X-Ip-¶- bp.-Un.-F-^v- {]-N-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p- kÀ-sÆ¡-fp-sS- ]n-¶n-ep-Å-Xv.- im-kv-{Xo-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-³_-e-an-Ãm-¯- A-_-²-]-©mw-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p- kÀ-sÆ-IÄ- F-¶v- hn-aÀ-i-\w- D-bÀ-¶p.- D-d-hn-Sw- sh-fn-th-t¡--Xn-Ãm-¯- hmÀ-¯m-c-N-\-t]m-e-s¯- A-`ym-k-am-bn-cp-¶p- B-[o-Im-cn-I-X- hy-à-am-¡m-¯- kÀ-sÆ- Xn-c-¡-Y-bpw.-
kn.-_n.-sF- B-Øm-\-¯p- \n-¶pw- tIm-gn-t¡m-s«- ]-{Xw- Hm-^o-kn-te-bv-¡v- \o-§p-¶- tlm-«v-sse-\p-v- F-¶v- tXm-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶- hmÀ-¯m-]-c-¼-c-IÄ,- ap-Jy-a-´n-bv-¡pw- a-¡Ä-¡p-sa-Xn-cm-bn- hmÀ-¯-I-fp-sS- s]-cp-a-g-IÄ,- hy-àn-l-Xy-IÄ,- F-s´-Ãm-am-Wv- am-[y-a-§Ä- a-e-bm-fn-bv-¡v- Cu- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v- k-½m-\n-¨-Xv-
-sX-c-sª-Sp-¸nÂ- ap-¶-Wn-I-fp-sS- {]-N-c-W-]-{Xn-I- kw-_-Ôn-¨- hn-i-I-e-\w- F-´p-sIm-v- am-[y-a-§-fnÂ- {]-Xy-£-am-bn-Ã- F-¶- tNm-Zyw- {]-k-à-am-Wv.- _w-KmÄ-þ-tI-c-fw- F-¶- H-ä- ]m-t¡-Pv- C-S-Xp-]-£-hn-cp-²- am-[y-a- `o-I-cm-{I-a-W-am-Wv- b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ- \-S-¶-Xv.- sl-en-tIm-]v-äÀ- hn-hm-Zw- I-¯n-bp-bÀ-¶-t¸mÄ- _p-²tZhv-- _w-Km-fnÂ- sl-en-tIm-]v-äÀ- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶- X-cw-Xm-W- {]-Xn-tcm-[-¯n-\m-Wv- am-[y-a-§Ä- ap-XnÀ-¶--Xv.- ss_-¡n-\p-]p-d-InÂ- k-©-cn-¡p-¶- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn- {]-kn-U-ân-sâ- Nn-{Xw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨v- sl-en-tIm-]v-äÀ- hn-hm-Z-s¯- a-dn-I-S-¡m-³ am-[y-aam-{´n-IÀ- X-¿m-dm-bn.- {]-tXy-I- te-J-I-s\- _w-Km-fn-te-¡-b-¨v- tIm-gn-t¡m-«-s¯- tkm-jy-en-Ìv- ]-{X-hpw- B-Øm-\-hn-Zzm-s\-s¡m-v- ]-c-¼-c- F-gp-Xn-¨v- tIm-«-bw- ]-{X-hpw- X-§-fp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b- b-P-am-\-³am-sc- Xr-]v-Xn-s¸-Sp-¯n.- tI-c-f-¯n-se- Pm-Xo-b-k-a-hm-Iy-§-sf- B-fn-¡-¯n-¨v- hÀ-¤o-b-hn-Im-cw- A-c-s¡-«p-d-¸n-¡m-³ am-[y-a-§Ä- Xp-\n-ª-Xv- am-¸n-Ãm-¯- A-]-cm-[-am-bn- N-cn-{X-¯nÂ- tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n.- ap-³ a-{´n- Im-cm-{K-l-hm-k-¯n-\v- hn-t[-b-\m-b-Xv- k-ap-Zm-b-tk-h-\w- \-S-¯n-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶v- tXm-¶p-¶-X-c-¯n-em-Wv- hmÀ-¯-IÄ- A-h-X-cn-¨-Xv.- du-^n-sâ- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯n-s\- Xp-SÀ-¶v- \-S-¶- A-t\z-j-Ww- k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\v- F-Xn-cm-b- \o-¡-sa-¶v- hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨p.- D-±n-jv-S-Im-cy- e-_v-Zn-¡m-bn- km-ap-Zm-bn-I-X- B-fn-¡-¯n-¡p-¶- am-[y-a-X-{´-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bn- a-X-\n-c-t]-£n-X- tI-c-fw- {]-Xn-I-cn-t¡--Xp-v.- kn.-]n.-sF.-FwÂ- {]-hÀ-¯n-¨-mÂ- i-h-a-S-¡v- ]mÀ-«n- Hm-^o-kv- h-f-¸n-em-bn-t]m-Ip-sa-¶- ]-cn-Xm-]-¯n-\v- ta-s¼m-Sn-bm-bn- hn-ip-²- IpÀ-_m-\-bnÂ- ]-s¦-Sp-¡p-¶- Nn-{Xw-Iq-Sn-bm-b-t¸mÄ- D-Ån-en-cn-¸p- sh-fn-hm-bn.-
-hmÀ-¯m- X-a-kv-¡-c-W-hpw- am-[y-a- [À-½w-X-s¶-sb-¶v- C-¡q-«À- sX-fn-bn-¨p.- ]m-tam-bn-en-³ tI-kn-se- Xp-S-c-t\z-j-W-¯n-\p-Å- hn-Pn-e-³kv- tIm-S-Xn- Xo-cp-am-\w- am-{´n-I-sâ- ssI-b-S-¡-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv- a-d-¨p-]n-Sn-¨-Xv.- hn-izm-k- thm-«v- t\-Sm-³ {]-[m-\-a-{´n- 60 tIm-Sn-cq-]- k-Xo-jv-iÀ-½- Fw.-]n-h-gn- Fw.-]n-amÀ-¡v- \Â-In-sb-¶- hn-¡n-eo-Iv-kv- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯Â- a-d-¨p-h-¨v- bp.-Un.-F-^n-\v- X-e-th-Z-\- H-gn-hm-¡n.- c-v- cq-]-bv-¡p-Å- A-cn- \n-tcm-[-\-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡n-b-Xv- C-e-£-³ I-½o-j-\pw- tIm-¬-{K-Êv- Fw.-FÂ.-F- \Â-In-b- ]-cm-Xn-bm-sW-¶-Xn-s\- Ip-dn-¨v- \n-i-_v-Z-X- ]m-en-¨p.- l-cn-¸m-s«- aq-{Xm-`n-tj-Iw- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn- {]-kn-U-ân-sâ- `m-h-\-bnÂ- P-\n-¨- kw-`-h-sa-¶v- C-t¸mÄ- sX-fn-bn-¡-s¸-«p.- am-[y-a-§-fn-eq-sS- tIm-¬-{K-Êv- I-Y- A-tX-]-Sn- hn-f-¼n-b- am-[y-a-§Ä- l-cn-¸m-s«- P-\-§-fp-sS-b-¦n-epw- a-\-ÊnÂ- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶- hn-Im-cw- sh-dp-¸m-Ãm-sX- a-säm-¶m-Im-³ X-c-an-Ã.- kn.-]n.-Fw.- Xo-cp-am-\w- {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼v- Øm-\mÀ-°n- \nÀ-®-bw- \-S-¯n- C-fn-`y-cm-b-hÀ- ho-Wn-Sw- hn-Zy-bm-¡n- {]-i-kv-Xn- F-¶- hm-¡n-sâ- \m-\mÀ-°w- Nn-I-ª- am-[y-a- ]-Wv-Vn-XÀ- A-]-am-\-¯n-em-Wv- F-¯n-b-Xv.- ap-Jy-a-{´n-s¡-Xn-cm-b- B-{I-a-Ww- \-S-¯m-³ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I- \m-b-I-sc- A-Wn-\n-c-¯n.- ap-J-{]-kw-Kw- h-gn- {]-i-kv-Xn- F-¶- hm-¡n-s\-Xn-sc- B-t{Im-in-¨- ]-{X-hpw- D-v- Iq-«-¯nÂ.- D-Ñ-cn-¡-s¸-«- hm-¡p-I-sf- A-¨-Sn-¡p-¶- hm-¡p-I-fmÂ- hn-Ir-X-am-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸p-Im-e-s¯- a-e-bm-f- am-[y-a-§Ä.- -bp.-Un.-F-^v- t\m-«o-kn-sâ- \n-e-hm-c-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p- ]-e-Zn-h-k-§-fn-epw- ]-{X-§Ä- hm-b-\-¡m-cp-sS- ap-¶n-se-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.- 93 h-b-Êp-Å- ap-Jy-a-{´n- th-tWm- F-¶- _m-en-i-am-b- tNm-Zyw- sh--¡m-X-e-s¡-t«m-sS- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p.- D-cp-f-bv-¡v- D-t¸-cn-In-«n-b-t¸mÄ- \n-i-_v-Z-X- ]q-p.-
Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ- {]-Êv- Iu-¬-knÂ- Hm-^v- C-´y-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c- A-h-Im-i-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v- H-cp-]n-Sn- tNm-Zy-§Ä- D-bÀ-¯n-sIm-m-Wv- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v- A-h-km-\n-¨-Xv.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-Ø-bp-sS- \m-emw- Xq-Wpw- ]p-gp-Ip-¯p-I-fmÂ- tem-I-{K-Ø-am-Wv.- A-`n-{]m-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ- a-d-]n-Sn-¨v,- D-d-hn-Sw- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-t¯--Xn-Ãm-¯- A-h-Im-i-s¯- Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw- sN-¿p-¶- {]-h-W-X- am-[y-a- kw-kv-¡m-c-s¯- I-f-¦-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv.- hn-izm-ky-X- \-jv-S-s¸-«- am-[y-a-tem-Iw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-Ø-bp-sS- Zp-c-´-]qÀ-®-am-b- A-[ym-b-am-bn-cn-¡pw.-
kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS- \m-«n-se- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ- am-\y-X-bp-sS-bpw- a-cym-Z-bp-sS-bpw- ko-a-IÄ- ew-Ln-¨-t¸m-gm-Wv- tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-{´n-bv-¡v- am-[y-a- Iz-t«-j-³ kw-Lw- F-¶v- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-sc- hn-ti-jn-¸n-t¡-n- h-¶-Xv.- a-e-bm-fn- k-aq-l-¯n-sâ- a-\-k-½-X-s¯- kzm-[o-\n-¡m-³ a-X-þ- km-ap-Zm-bn-I-þ- am-[y-a- ap-¶-Wn-¡m-tbm- F-¶-Xv- tNm-Zyw- G-sd- \nÀ-®m-b-I-am-Wv.- h-e-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- PoÀ-®-hpw- \n-£n-]v-X-hp-am-b- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä-¡m-bn- ]-c-ky-§-fpw- hmÀ-¯-I-fpw- H-¶m-bn-¯o-cp-¶- am-[y-a- kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ- A-]-N-b-s¯- tI-c-fw- F-§-s\-bm-Wv- t\-cn-«-Xv- F-¶-dn-bm-³ Ip-d-¨p-\m-fp-I-fp-sS- Im-¯n-cn-¸p- am-{X-ta- B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶p-Åq.-
kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-X-s¶- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cn-se- A-\ym-b-{]-hÀ-¯n-I-sf- hn-Nm-c-W- sN-bv-Xn-«p-v.-"-"-F-{X-tbm- Ku-c-h-ta-dn-b- kw-K-Xn-I-sf- A-\y-³am-sc- {i-²n-¸n-¨v- k-±p-t±-i- ip-²n- h-cp-¯-W-sa-¶n-cn-s¡- cm-Py-Im-cy-sa-¶- \m-Sy-¯mÂ- F-{X-t]À- tI-h-ew- ]-c-³am-cn-ep-Å- tZz-j-s¯- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-³ hÀ-¯-am-\- ]-{X-§-sf- cw-K-Ø-am-bn- IÂ-¸n-¨p-h-cp-¶n-Ã.- F-{X- t]-cm-Wv- cm-Py-ao-amw-k-IÀ-¡v- [À-t½m-]-tZ-i-§-sf- \Â-Im-sX- I-v- A-h-cp-sS- t\À-¡v- B-`m-k-i-c-§-sf- sX-Ãp- e-Ö- Iq-Sm-sX- {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xv.- F-¶p- am-{X-a-Ã- t\-sc- a-dn-¨v- A-[-a-XÂ-]-c-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶- F-{X-sb-{X- P-\-§-sf- A-hÀ- A-\À-l-hpw- A-\m-h-iy-am-bw- kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶n-Ã.-
(1900 G-{]nÂ- 22 se- tI-c-f- ZÀ-¸-Ww- ap-J-{]-kw-Kw-)-
cm-Py-Im-cy-sa-¶- \m-Sy-¯nÂ- ]-c-³am-cn-ep-Å- tZz-j-s¯- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-³ ]-{X-¯m-fp-IÄ- D-]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xpw- A-[-a-XÂ-]-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-h-sc- kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶-Xpw- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS- Im-e-t¯-bp-Å- am-[y-am-]-N-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.- F-¶m-en-¶v- ]-c-ky-hm-N-Iw- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶- tIm-¸-n-ssd-äÀ-am-cpw- D-±n-jv-S-Im-cy- km-[y-¯n-\m-bn- am-[y-a-§-sf- Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw- sN-bp-¶-h-cp-am-b- H-cp- k-¦-c- am-[y-a- k-aq-lw- cq-]-s¸-«p- h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.- s{]m-^-j-WÂ- an-I-hp-Å- tIm-¸n-ssd-äÀ-am-sc- sh-Ãp-¶- ]m-S-h-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv- sX-c-sª-Sp-¯- hm-N-I-§-fpw- {]-tbm-K-§-fp-am-bn- am-[y-a- ta-J-e-bnÂ- C-¡q-«À- km-¶n-²yw- D-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.- hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- X-§-fp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b- D-Xv-]-¶-§Ä- hn-ä-gn-¡m-³ am-[y-a- {]-hÀ-¯-I-cnÂ- H-cp- hn-`m-Kw- \-S-¯p-¶- {i-a-§Ä- tem-I-s¯-hn-sS-bpw- am-[y-a- ta-J-e- ]-T-\-hn-j-b-am-bn- sX-c-sª-Sp-¯-hÀ- {i-²n-t¡--Xm-Wv.- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\- tbm-Ky-X-IÄ- t\-Sn-b-h-cpw- tIm-¸n-ssd-änw-Kv- ssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-Å- _p-²n-im-en-I-fp-sam-s¡- cm-jv-{So-b- tI-c-f-¯n-sâ- \m-«p-h-gn-I-fnÂ- {]-tem-`n-¸n-¡p-¶- ap-Ã-¸q-a-W-hp-am-bn- Np-®m-¼p- tNm-Zn-¨p- \nÂ-¡p-¶p-v.-
a-säm-cp- Iq-«-cp-v- C-hÀ- C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-sâ- t]m-¡nÂ- A-kz-Ø-cm-Wv.- cm-{Xn- sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ- s]-t{Sm-am-Iv-kn-sâ- sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ- Np-h-sc-gp-Xm-³ Iq-Sn-b-Xpw- Im-¼-kv- P-\-dÂ- t_m-Un-bn-epw- {]-I-S-\-¯n-epw- kz-]v-\m-S-I-sc- t]m-se- F-t¶m- \-S-¶-Xp-sam-s¡- C-S-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- kw-c-£-I- ]-Z-hn- C-h-sc- GÂ-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶m-Wv- i-co-c-`m-j-bn-eq-sS-bpw- hm-Iv-Nm-Xp-c¯n-eq-sSbpw-- t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯m-³ {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv.- I-¯p-¶- sh-bn-e-¯v-,- hn-bÀ-¸nÂ,- tNm-c-bnÂ- Ip-XnÀ-¶- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-§-fp-sS- C-Sn-ap-g-¡-am-bn- sX-cp-hnÂ- \nÂ-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v- \n-e-hm-c-an-sÃ-¶v- C-hÀ- {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶p.- k-¦oÀ-®-am-b- km-aq-ly- A-h-Ø-I-sf- Ip-cp-¡-gn-¨v- kw-L-S-\m-t\-Xr-Xz-sa-Sp-¡p-¶- Xo-cp-am-\-§Ä-s¡-Xn-sc- hmÀ-¯m- kp-\m-an-IÄ- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶p.- C-§-s\-bp-Å-hÀ- \-bn-¡p-¶- {]-Øm-\w- sX-äm-bn- Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p-¶- {]-Øm-\-hp-am-Wn-hÀ-¡v- Nn-e-t¸m-sg-¦n-epw- C-hÀ-¡v- ip-²-K-Xn-¡m-cpw- C-S-Xp-]-£- hn-izm-kn-I-fp-am-b-h-cp-sS- a-\-kn-te-bv-¡v- Nn-e- kw-i-b-§-fp-sS- hn-¯n-Sm-\pw- ]n-¶o-Sv- ]m-I-¯n-\v- h-fÀ-¯n- hn-j-hr-£-am-¡m-\pw- {]-tXy-I- ]m-S-h-ap-v.- X-§-fp-sS- {]-Xn-`-bpw- kn-²n-bpw- amÀ-¡-äv- sN-¿m-³ ]-äm-sX- h-cp-t¼mÄ- k-l-Xm-]w- ]n-Sn-¨p-]-äp-I- h-gn- A-]-IÀ-j-Xm-t_m-[-¯nsâ- B-g-§Ä- Xm-m-³ {ian-¡pw- s]-cpw- \p-W-I-sf- t]m-¡-äSn-¡m-c-s\- sh-Ãp-¶- an-I-thm-sS- a-\-kp-I-fnÂ- hn-X-dpw.-þ- F-bv-Uv-kn-sâ- tcm-Km-Wp-¡-sf- kn-dn-©p-I-fn-em-¡n- a-\p-jy- i-co-c-¯nÂ- Ip-¯n-h-bv-¡p-¶- Nn-e-sc-¡p-dn-¨v- a-\-im-kv-{X-Ú-amÀ- ap-¶-dn-bn-¸v- \Â-Ip-¶p-v.-
I-a-en-sâ- K-±m-a- F-¶- kn-\n-a-bnÂ- H-cp- I-Ym-]m-{Xw- ]-d-bp-¶- U-b-tem-Kp-v.- I-Y-bpw- t\m-h-epw- F-gp-Xn- tXmÂ-hn-b-S-ª-h-cm-Wv- tP-W-en-Ìp-I-fm-Ip-¶-sX-¶v- `m-h-\-bp-sS- tem-I-¯v- k-¼-¶-cm-b- ]-{X-¡m-cp-sS- \m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-¶v- \-½p-sS- kp-µ-c-tI-c-fw,-- 11 Sn-hn- Nm-\-ep-IfmÂ-- k-ar-²am-b- tI-c-f-¯n-se- 40 e-£w- ho-Sp-I-fnÂ- C-¶v- Nm-\-e-h-Xm-c-I-cpw,- dn-t¸mÀ-«À-am-cpw- ]-Ip-Xn-a-d-¨- Iym-a-dZr-iy-§-fpw- tNÀ-¶v- ]p-Xn-sb-cp- tem-Iw- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶p.- Cu- h-en-b- tem-I-t¯-bv-¡v- `m-h-\m-kr-jv-Sn-I-fm-b- hmÀ-¯-IÄ- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-¿p-¶- {Xn-Ãn-em-Wv- ]p-Xn-b- am-[y-a- {]-hÀ-¯-IÀ.- {]-`-h-tI-{µw- A-Úm-X-am-bn- Xp-S-cp-t¼m-gpw- ]m-hw- a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS- a-\-ÊnÂ- hn-jw- ]-SÀ-¯n-bn-cn-¡pw-.- \m-«n-³]p-d-§-fn-se- Nm-b-¡-S-I-fn-epw-,- _-kv- tÌm-¸p-I-fn-epw- \p-W-hym-]m-cw- \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-h-cp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- F-Un-j-\p-I-fm-bn- B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-Im-e-s¯- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cnÂ- Nn-eÀ- am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.- \m-Ww-sI-«pw- ]-W-ap-m-¡n- \m-W-t¡-Sn-s\- XoÀ-¡m-³ Xp-\n-ª-hÀ- C-¶v- a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ- X-s¶-bp--tÃm- ]-Ww-]-än- hmÀ-¯- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶- s]-bv-Uv- tPÀ-W-en-Ìp-IÄ- X-§-sf- k-lm-bn-¨p-sh-¶v- tI-{µ-a-{´n-Iq-Sn-bm-b- tIm-¬-{K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ- tNm-Zyw- sN-¿m-³ B-ßm-`n-am-\w- D-m-b- F-{X-t]-cp-v.- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- ]-Ww- hm-§m-³ X-¿m-dm-bn- R-§Ä- \nÂ-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v- a-säm-cp- ]-c-ky-hm-N-I-am-bn- A-Xn-s\- kzo-I-cn-¨- am-[y-a- tI-k-cn-IÄ- XoÀ-¨-bm-bpw- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\p- \Â-Ip-¶- \nÀ-Æ-N-\w- A-]-am-\-I-c-am-Wv.-
tem-I-s¯-¼m-Spw- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- hn-cp-²m-{I-a-W-§Ä-¡v- km-{am-Py-Xzw- t\-Xr-Xzw- \Â-Ip-t¼mÄ- ]-Ým-¯-e-sam-cp-¡m-³ am-[y-a-§-sf-bpw- a-X-§-sf-bpw- Iq-«p-]n-Sn-¨- N-cn-{Xw- ap-¶n-ep-v.- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- hn-tam-N-\- k-a-cw- A-c-§p- X-IÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ- Xn-c-¡-Y- X-¿m-dm-¡-s¸-«-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v- kn.-sF.-F-bp-sS- ]-c-ky-am-¡-s¸-« c-l-ky-§Ä- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- tem-I-cm-jv-{So-b- cw-K-¯v- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- kr-jv-Sn-¨- H-cp- \-Sp-¡-¯n-sâ- kr-jv-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.- tem-Iw- Np-h-¶p- Xp-S-§n-b- 40 I-fn-epw- 50 I-fn-epw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-Ø-bn-eq-sS- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- A-[n-Im-c-ta-dn-b- tI-c-fw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-jv-{S-¯n-se- kw-Øm-\-am-sW-¶-Xv- ssh-äv- lu-kn-s\- A-tem-k-c-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.- C-´y-bp-sS- `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b- ssN-\o-kv- d-jy-³ km-ao-]yw,- tI-c-f-sa-¶- {]-h-W-X- C-´y-bn-em-sI- ]-SÀ-¶m-ep-m-Ip-¶- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-I-¼-\-§Ä- C-h- tI-c-f-¯n-en-S-s]-Sp-¶-Xn-\v- Im-c-W-am-bn.- A-ta-cn-¡³ C-S-s]-S-se-¶ bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-te-bv-¡v- I-®p-Xp-d-¡p-t¼m-sg-Ãmw- ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-¶- ImÀ-«q-¬- kr-jv-Sm-¡Ä-¡p- ap-¶nÂ- A-ta-cn-¡³ tÌ-äv- sk-{I-«-dn- tPm-¬- F-¨v- U-Å-kv- ]-{X-k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ- C-§-s\- ]-d-ªp.- "-"-C-´y-bn-epw- C-t´m-t\-jy-bn-epw- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- t\-Sp-¶- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v- hn-P-b-§Ä- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b- kq-N-\-I-fm-Wv.- I-½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ- cm-jv-{So-b- A-[n-Im-c-¯n-se-¯p-t¼m-sg-Ãmw- A-XnÂ- A-]-I-Sw- D-v-'-'.- kn.-sF.-F.- h-gn- C-dm-\n-epw,-- Nn-en-bn-epw-,- Kzm-«n-am-en-bn-epw- H-s¡- \-S-¯n-b- A-«n-a-dn-IÄ- N-cn-{X- h-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-bn- cm-jv-{So-b- hn-ZymÀ-°n-I-fp-sS- ap-¶n-ep-v.-
Nn-en-bnÂ- 1950ap-XÂ- Xp-SÀ-¶- \n-gÂ-bp-²w- ImÂ-\q-äm-tm-fw- \o-p.- Nn-en-bn-se- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-L-S-\-bnÂ- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n-¡p-m-b- ap-t¶-äw- X-IÀ-¡m-³ B-Zyw- sN-b-v-X-Xv- h-e-Xp-]-£-I-£n-bm-b- {In-kv-Xy-³ U-tam-{Im-än-Iv- ]mÀ-«n-sb- hn-e-s¡-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.- td-Un-tbm-tÌ-j-\p-I-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- kw-t{]-£-Ww- sN-bv-X-hmÀ-¯-IÄ- kn.-sF.-F- tI-{µ-§Ä- X-¿m-dm-¡n- \Â-In-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.- Nn-en-bn-se- G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw- kÀ-¡p-te-j-\p-Å- FÂ-saÀ-¡-dn- F-¶- ]-{X-¯n-\v- 15 e-£w- tUm-fÀ- \Â-In-sb-¶v- kn.-sF.-F- ]n-¶o-Sv- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨- tc-J-IÄ-X-s¶- hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.- H-Sp-hnÂ- 1973 sk-]v-Xw-_À- 11 \v- A-e-³-sb- sIm-e-sN-bv-Xp-sIm-v- kn.-sF.-F- X-§-fp-sS- ]-²-Xn- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n.-
kzn-äv-kÀ-em-v- B-Øm-\-am-¡n- {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶- [mÀ-½n-I- ]p-\-cp-²m-c-W- {]-Øm-\w- (tam-dÂ- do- BÀ-sa-âv-)- B-tKm-f-X-e-¯nÂ- I-½yq-Wn-Ìn-s\-Xn-cm-bn- \-S-¯n-b- {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS- B-[n-Im-cn-I- sX-fn-hp-IÄ- C-t¸mÄ- \-ap-¡v- ap-¶n-ep-v-.- {^m-¦v- _p-¡v-am-³ F-¶- a-X-{]-`m-j-I-\v- sh-fp-¸m-³ Im-e-¯v- D-m-Ip-¶- ssZ-h-hn-fn-bpw- Xp-SÀ-¶v- ssZ-h-hp-am-bn- \-S-¡p-¶- U-b-tem-Kp-I-fp-am-Wv- {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ- A-Sn-¯-d- B-IÀ-j-I-am-b- kw-`m-j-W-si-en-bpw- B-sc-bpw- hn-iz-kn-¸n-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-h-X-c-W-ssi-en-bpw- am-\-dn-k-§-fpw- A-\p-`m-hn-I-sf- t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯p.- ]-cn-]qÀ-®- k-Xy-k-Ô-X,- ]-cn-ip-²n,- \n-kzmÀ-°-X,- kv-t\-lw- Xp-S-§n-b-h- D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯n- hy-àn-I-sf- ip-²o-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å- D-]m-b-§Ä- ssZ-hw- F-¶pw- sh-fp-¸m-³ Im-e-¯v- C-t±-l-¯n-\v- ]-d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-s{X.- A-§-s\- ssZ-hw- D-]-tZ-in-¨- H-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- I-½yq-Wn-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b- k-a-cw.-
I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- sIm-Å-sb-bpw- sIm-e-]m-X-I-s¯-bpw- t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-sa-¶pw- hy-àn- ip-²n-bn-Ãm-¯-h-cp-sS- Iq-«-sa-¶pw- _p-¡v-am-sâ- A-\p-bm-bn-IÄ- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨p.- a-äp-Å-h-cnÂ- (am-{Xw)-- k-Xv-Kp-W-§Ä- Imw-£n-¡p-¶- k-Zm-Nm-c- kw-c-£-I-cpw- B-ß-h-©-\-I-fp-sS- {]-Xo-I-§-fm-b- Ip-sd- B-fp-I-fpw- tI-c-f-¯n-se- Cu- kn-²m-´-§Ä- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨p.- ]mÀ-«n-bn-se- Nn-e-sc-sb-Ãmw- D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-¡n- I-Y-IÄ- N-a-¨v- {]-N-cn-¸n-¨p.-
tI-c-f-¯nÂ- \n-¶p- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Im-e-¯v- ‘"-tIm'--’- hn-se- (kzn-äv-kÀ-e-n-se- "tIm'-- F-¶- ]-«-W-am-bn-cp-¶p- Fw.-BÀ.-F- bp-sS- B-Øm-\w-)- {^m-¦v- _p-¡v-am-sâ- k-hn-[-¯n-te-¡v- XoÀ-°m-S-\w- \-S-¯n-b- F-{X-sb-{X- t\-Xm-¡Ä,- a-¶-¯v- ]-Xv-a-\m-`-³,- ]n.-Sn.- Nm-t¡m,- kn.-F-¨v.- ap-l-½-Zv- tIm-b,- ^m-ZÀ- h-S-¡-³ I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- hn-cp-²-X-bp-sS- h-¯n-¡m-\n-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ- a-¶-¯v- ]-Xv-a-\m-`-s\- am-[y-a-§Ä- ]p-I-gv-¯n-b-Xv- `m-c-X- tI-k-cn- C-Xm- hn-iz-tI-k-cn-bm-Im-³ t]m-Ip-¶p- F-¶m-Wv.- tI-c-f-¯n-se- am-[y-a-§-fpw- tIm- \Â-In-b- B-Xn-tY-b-Xz-¯nÂ- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- K-h-¬-sa-ân-s\-Xn-cm-bn- Xq-en-I-bnÂ- hn-jw- \n-d-¨p.- 1961þÂ- {_-ko-enÂ- \-S-¶- MRA- k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ- {]-`m-j-I-\m-b- sI.-Fw.-sN-dn-bm-³ (a-t\m-c-a-)- C-§-s\-bm-Wv- ]-d-ª-Xv.-
tI-c-fw- I-½yq-Wn-k-¯n-\p- \-jv-S-am-bmÂ- C-´y-bpw- \-jv-S-s¸-Spw.- C-´y- \-jv-S-s¸-«mÂ- d-jy-bpw- ssN-\-bpw- tem-I-s¯- Io-g-S-¡pw.- I-½yq-Wn-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b- k-a-c-¯n-\v- G-ä-hpw- ]-än-b- a-®v- tI-c-f-am-Wv.- [mÀ-½n-I- ]p-\-cp-²m-c-W- {]-Øm-\-¯n-\m-bn- F-â- ]-{X-hpw- k-¼-¯pw- C-Xm- k-aÀ-¸n-¡p-¶p.-
hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-Im-e-¯v- tI-c-f-¯n-se- ]-{X-§-fp-sS- B-sI- kÀ-¡p-te-j-³ 12,-000 B-bn-cp-¶p.- C-¶v- 35 e-£w- tIm-¸n-IÄ-.- hmÀ-¯m-Zr-iy-§Ä- 11 Sn-hn- Nm-\-ep-I-fn-eq-sS- 40 e-£w- Ip-Spw-_-§-fn-te-bv-¡v- C-S-Xp-]-£- hn-cp-²-X-sb- aq-e-[-\-t¯m-sSm-¸w- ap-dp-sI- ]n-Sn-¡p-¶- am-[y-a- kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b- k-a-cw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- G-{]nÂ- 13 \v- \-S-¶- sX-sc-ª-Sp-¸v.-
tI-c-f-¯nÂ- D-cp-¯n-cp-ªp- h-¶- H-cp- cm-jv-{So-b- Nn-{X-ap-v.- C-S-Xp-]-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ap-¶-Wn- kÀ-¡mÀ- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨- A-©m-a-Xv- _-Uv-P-äv- \Â-In-b- k-tµ-iw- tI-c-f- P-\-X-bv-¡v- h-f-sc- th-K-¯nÂ- {Km-ly-am-bn- F-Ãm- P-\-hn-`m-K-§-tfm-Spw- k-ao-]-\w- sIm-v- A-Sp-¯p- \n-¶- K-h-¬-sa-ân-s\-bpw- C-S-Xp-ap-¶-Wn-sb-bpw- A-I-¶p- \n-¶- P-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä- t]m-epw- kzo-I-cn-¨p- Xp-S-§n.- Pm-Xn- a-X- km-ap-Zm-bn-I- i-àn-I-fp-sS- tam-l-h-e-b-¯nÂ- \n-¶pw- `u-Xn-I- bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fn-te-bv-¡v- a-e-bm-fn-IÄ- D-WÀ-s¶-gp-t¶-äp.- {]-I-S-am-b- Cu- cm-jv-{So-b- am-ä-¯n-sâ- L-«-¯n-em-Wv- F-Ãm- ap-Jw-aq-Sn-I-fpw- am-än- h-e-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b- PoÀ-®-X-IÄ- ]p-d-¯p-h-¶-Xv.- h-e-Xp-]-£- A-e-am-c-I-fnÂ- \n-¶p- X-s¶- ]p-d-¯p- Nm-Sn-b- A-Øn-]-Rv-P-c-§Ä- tI-c-f- cm-jv-{So-b-¯nÂ- hy-à-am-b- {[p-ho-I-c-Ww- X-s¶- km-[y-am-¡n.- ap-¶nÂ- \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv- P-\-t£-a-¯n-sâ-bpw- kw-ip-²- cm-jv-{Sno-b-¯n-sâ-bpw- sh-¬-a-bmÀ-¶- Nn-{Xw- a-dp-`m-K-¯v- A-gn-a-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- kw-kv-Im-cn-I- PoÀ-®-X-I-fp-sS-bpw- ]p-gp-¡p-¯- ho-W- I-dp-¯- Nn-{Xw- `q-X-Im-e- \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ- \n-¶pw- hn-ap-à-am-bn- C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n-\v- ]-co-£-Wm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-se-¦n-epw- Xp-SÀ-`-c-W-ta-I-W-sa-¶- \n-e-]m-Sv- G-hÀ-¡pw- t_m-[y-am-Ip-¶- X-c-¯nÂ- cm-jv-{So-b- tI-c-f-¯n-se- Np-h-cp-I-fnÂ- sX-fn-ªp-h-¶p.-
C-hn-sS-\n-¶m-Wv- A-ä- ssI-{]-tbm-K-apÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å- Ip-X-{´-§-fp-sS- A-c-s§m-cp-§n-b-Xv.- C-´y-bnÂ- C-S-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- i-_v-Zw- \nÀ-ho-cy-am-¡m-³ _w-Km-fn-se-bpw,- tI-c-f-¯n-se-bpw- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- t\-Xy-Xz-¯n-ep-Å- kÀ-¡m-cp-I-sf- A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡m-³ X-{´-§-sfm-cp-¡n-b- hm-jnw-Kv-S-¬- Km-Y-IÄ- tc-J-I-fpw- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-am-bn- \-½p-sS- ap-¶n-ep-v.- ssh-In- In-«n-b- ho-¡v-eo-Iv-kv- tc-J-IÄ- km-{am-Py-Xz- C-S-s]-S-ep-IÄ- F-{X-am-{Xw- C-¶pw- C-´y-³ cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-ep-s-¶v- t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.- `-c-W-I-£n-bm-b- tIm-¬-{K-kpw- h-e-Xp-]-£,- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- Pn-lz-I-fm-b- am-[y-a-§-fpw- k-ap-Zm-b- kw-L-S-\m- t\-Xr-Xz-§-fpw ]n-¶o-Sm-cw-`n-¨-Xv- a-\xim-kv-{X-bp-²-am-bn-cp-¶p.- ]-c-ky-am-b- F-XnÀ-¸v- C-S-Xp-]-£- ]n-´p-W- hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ- \n-gÂ- bp-²-am-Wv- kzo-I-cn-¨-Xv.- hn-tam-N-\- k-a-cw- \n-e-hnÂ- h-¶- kÀ-¡m-cn-s\-Xn-cm-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hn-cp-²- I-em-]-am-bn-cp-¶p.- F-¶mÂ- C-S-Xp-]-£- Xp-SÀ-kÀ-¡mÀ- F-¶- km-[y-X-sb- X-s¶- C-Ãm-Xm-¡m-\p-Å- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-²- Iq-«m-bv-a-¡m-Wv- tI-c-fw- km-£yw- h-ln-¨-Xv.- hmÀ-¯m-X-a-kv-I-c-W-§-fpw- `m-h-\-bnÂ- hn-cn-ª-h-bp-sS- hmÀ-¯m-cq-]-§-fp a-e-bm-fn-I-tf-sd- I-p.- kq-£-v-a- \yq-\-]-£w- \nÀ-®m-b-I-am-Ip-¶- sX-sc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ- P-bn-¡p-¶- ]-£w- tN-cp-¶ sN-dp-]-£-s¯- kz-´w- ]-£-¯p- D-d-¸n-¡m-³ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸-«- kÀ-tÆ-I-fp-sS- A-]-lm-c- Im-ew- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p- sX-sc-sª-Sp-¸p-Im-ew.-
5 ap-XÂ- 10%- h-sc- P-bn-¡p-¶- ap-¶-Wn-¡v- thm-«p-sN-¿m-\n-S-bp-s-¶v- ]-T-\-§Ä- Nq-n-¡m-«p-¶p.- A-t¸mÄ- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-ª-Xv- 5%- thm-«À-am-sc-sb-¦n-epw- kzm-[o-\n-¡m-\m-bmÂ- 12 e-£-t¯m-fw- thm-«À-am-sc- kzm-[o-\n-¡m-\p-X-Ip-¶- bp.-Un.-F-^v- {]-N-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p- kÀ-sÆ¡-fp-sS- ]n-¶n-ep-Å-Xv.- im-kv-{Xo-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-³_-e-an-Ãm-¯- A-_-²-]-©mw-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p- kÀ-sÆ-IÄ- F-¶v- hn-aÀ-i-\w- D-bÀ-¶p.- D-d-hn-Sw- sh-fn-th-t¡--Xn-Ãm-¯- hmÀ-¯m-c-N-\-t]m-e-s¯- A-`ym-k-am-bn-cp-¶p- B-[o-Im-cn-I-X- hy-à-am-¡m-¯- kÀ-sÆ- Xn-c-¡-Y-bpw.-
kn.-_n.-sF- B-Øm-\-¯p- \n-¶pw- tIm-gn-t¡m-s«- ]-{Xw- Hm-^o-kn-te-bv-¡v- \o-§p-¶- tlm-«v-sse-\p-v- F-¶v- tXm-¶n-¸n-¡p-¶- hmÀ-¯m-]-c-¼-c-IÄ,- ap-Jy-a-´n-bv-¡pw- a-¡Ä-¡p-sa-Xn-cm-bn- hmÀ-¯-I-fp-sS- s]-cp-a-g-IÄ,- hy-àn-l-Xy-IÄ,- F-s´-Ãm-am-Wv- am-[y-a-§Ä- a-e-bm-fn-bv-¡v- Cu- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v- k-½m-\n-¨-Xv-
-sX-c-sª-Sp-¸nÂ- ap-¶-Wn-I-fp-sS- {]-N-c-W-]-{Xn-I- kw-_-Ôn-¨- hn-i-I-e-\w- F-´p-sIm-v- am-[y-a-§-fnÂ- {]-Xy-£-am-bn-Ã- F-¶- tNm-Zyw- {]-k-à-am-Wv.- _w-KmÄ-þ-tI-c-fw- F-¶- H-ä- ]m-t¡-Pv- C-S-Xp-]-£-hn-cp-²- am-[y-a- `o-I-cm-{I-a-W-am-Wv- b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ- \-S-¶-Xv.- sl-en-tIm-]v-äÀ- hn-hm-Zw- I-¯n-bp-bÀ-¶-t¸mÄ- _p-²tZhv-- _w-Km-fnÂ- sl-en-tIm-]v-äÀ- D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶- X-cw-Xm-W- {]-Xn-tcm-[-¯n-\m-Wv- am-[y-a-§Ä- ap-XnÀ-¶--Xv.- ss_-¡n-\p-]p-d-InÂ- k-©-cn-¡p-¶- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn- {]-kn-U-ân-sâ- Nn-{Xw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨v- sl-en-tIm-]v-äÀ- hn-hm-Z-s¯- a-dn-I-S-¡m-³ am-[y-aam-{´n-IÀ- X-¿m-dm-bn.- {]-tXy-I- te-J-I-s\- _w-Km-fn-te-¡-b-¨v- tIm-gn-t¡m-«-s¯- tkm-jy-en-Ìv- ]-{X-hpw- B-Øm-\-hn-Zzm-s\-s¡m-v- ]-c-¼-c- F-gp-Xn-¨v- tIm-«-bw- ]-{X-hpw- X-§-fp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b- b-P-am-\-³am-sc- Xr-]v-Xn-s¸-Sp-¯n.- tI-c-f-¯n-se- Pm-Xo-b-k-a-hm-Iy-§-sf- B-fn-¡-¯n-¨v- hÀ-¤o-b-hn-Im-cw- A-c-s¡-«p-d-¸n-¡m-³ am-[y-a-§Ä- Xp-\n-ª-Xv- am-¸n-Ãm-¯- A-]-cm-[-am-bn- N-cn-{X-¯nÂ- tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n.- ap-³ a-{´n- Im-cm-{K-l-hm-k-¯n-\v- hn-t[-b-\m-b-Xv- k-ap-Zm-b-tk-h-\w- \-S-¯n-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶v- tXm-¶p-¶-X-c-¯n-em-Wv- hmÀ-¯-IÄ- A-h-X-cn-¨-Xv.- du-^n-sâ- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯n-s\- Xp-SÀ-¶v- \-S-¶- A-t\z-j-Ww- k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\v- F-Xn-cm-b- \o-¡-sa-¶v- hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨p.- D-±n-jv-S-Im-cy- e-_v-Zn-¡m-bn- km-ap-Zm-bn-I-X- B-fn-¡-¯n-¡p-¶- am-[y-a-X-{´-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bn- a-X-\n-c-t]-£n-X- tI-c-fw- {]-Xn-I-cn-t¡--Xp-v.- kn.-]n.-sF.-FwÂ- {]-hÀ-¯n-¨-mÂ- i-h-a-S-¡v- ]mÀ-«n- Hm-^o-kv- h-f-¸n-em-bn-t]m-Ip-sa-¶- ]-cn-Xm-]-¯n-\v- ta-s¼m-Sn-bm-bn- hn-ip-²- IpÀ-_m-\-bnÂ- ]-s¦-Sp-¡p-¶- Nn-{Xw-Iq-Sn-bm-b-t¸mÄ- D-Ån-en-cn-¸p- sh-fn-hm-bn.-
-hmÀ-¯m- X-a-kv-¡-c-W-hpw- am-[y-a- [À-½w-X-s¶-sb-¶v- C-¡q-«À- sX-fn-bn-¨p.- ]m-tam-bn-en-³ tI-kn-se- Xp-S-c-t\z-j-W-¯n-\p-Å- hn-Pn-e-³kv- tIm-S-Xn- Xo-cp-am-\w- am-{´n-I-sâ- ssI-b-S-¡-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv- a-d-¨p-]n-Sn-¨-Xv.- hn-izm-k- thm-«v- t\-Sm-³ {]-[m-\-a-{´n- 60 tIm-Sn-cq-]- k-Xo-jv-iÀ-½- Fw.-]n-h-gn- Fw.-]n-amÀ-¡v- \Â-In-sb-¶- hn-¡n-eo-Iv-kv- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯Â- a-d-¨p-h-¨v- bp.-Un.-F-^n-\v- X-e-th-Z-\- H-gn-hm-¡n.- c-v- cq-]-bv-¡p-Å- A-cn- \n-tcm-[-\-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡n-b-Xv- C-e-£-³ I-½o-j-\pw- tIm-¬-{K-Êv- Fw.-FÂ.-F- \Â-In-b- ]-cm-Xn-bm-sW-¶-Xn-s\- Ip-dn-¨v- \n-i-_v-Z-X- ]m-en-¨p.- l-cn-¸m-s«- aq-{Xm-`n-tj-Iw- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn- {]-kn-U-ân-sâ- `m-h-\-bnÂ- P-\n-¨- kw-`-h-sa-¶v- C-t¸mÄ- sX-fn-bn-¡-s¸-«p.- am-[y-a-§-fn-eq-sS- tIm-¬-{K-Êv- I-Y- A-tX-]-Sn- hn-f-¼n-b- am-[y-a-§Ä- l-cn-¸m-s«- P-\-§-fp-sS-b-¦n-epw- a-\-ÊnÂ- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶- hn-Im-cw- sh-dp-¸m-Ãm-sX- a-säm-¶m-Im-³ X-c-an-Ã.- kn.-]n.-Fw.- Xo-cp-am-\w- {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p- ap-¼v- Øm-\mÀ-°n- \nÀ-®-bw- \-S-¯n- C-fn-`y-cm-b-hÀ- ho-Wn-Sw- hn-Zy-bm-¡n- {]-i-kv-Xn- F-¶- hm-¡n-sâ- \m-\mÀ-°w- Nn-I-ª- am-[y-a- ]-Wv-Vn-XÀ- A-]-am-\-¯n-em-Wv- F-¯n-b-Xv.- ap-Jy-a-{´n-s¡-Xn-cm-b- B-{I-a-Ww- \-S-¯m-³ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I- \m-b-I-sc- A-Wn-\n-c-¯n.- ap-J-{]-kw-Kw- h-gn- {]-i-kv-Xn- F-¶- hm-¡n-s\-Xn-sc- B-t{Im-in-¨- ]-{X-hpw- D-v- Iq-«-¯nÂ.- D-Ñ-cn-¡-s¸-«- hm-¡p-I-sf- A-¨-Sn-¡p-¶- hm-¡p-I-fmÂ- hn-Ir-X-am-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸p-Im-e-s¯- a-e-bm-f- am-[y-a-§Ä.- -bp.-Un.-F-^v- t\m-«o-kn-sâ- \n-e-hm-c-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p- ]-e-Zn-h-k-§-fn-epw- ]-{X-§Ä- hm-b-\-¡m-cp-sS- ap-¶n-se-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.- 93 h-b-Êp-Å- ap-Jy-a-{´n- th-tWm- F-¶- _m-en-i-am-b- tNm-Zyw- sh--¡m-X-e-s¡-t«m-sS- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p.- D-cp-f-bv-¡v- D-t¸-cn-In-«n-b-t¸mÄ- \n-i-_v-Z-X- ]q-p.-
Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ- {]-Êv- Iu-¬-knÂ- Hm-^v- C-´y-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c- A-h-Im-i-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v- H-cp-]n-Sn- tNm-Zy-§Ä- D-bÀ-¯n-sIm-m-Wv- sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v- A-h-km-\n-¨-Xv.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-Ø-bp-sS- \m-emw- Xq-Wpw- ]p-gp-Ip-¯p-I-fmÂ- tem-I-{K-Ø-am-Wv.- A-`n-{]m-b- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ- a-d-]n-Sn-¨v,- D-d-hn-Sw- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-t¯--Xn-Ãm-¯- A-h-Im-i-s¯- Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw- sN-¿p-¶- {]-h-W-X- am-[y-a- kw-kv-¡m-c-s¯- I-f-¦-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv.- hn-izm-ky-X- \-jv-S-s¸-«- am-[y-a-tem-Iw- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-Ø-bp-sS- Zp-c-´-]qÀ-®-am-b- A-[ym-b-am-bn-cn-¡pw.-
kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS- \m-«n-se- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ- am-\y-X-bp-sS-bpw- a-cym-Z-bp-sS-bpw- ko-a-IÄ- ew-Ln-¨-t¸m-gm-Wv- tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-{´n-bv-¡v- am-[y-a- Iz-t«-j-³ kw-Lw- F-¶v- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-sc- hn-ti-jn-¸n-t¡-n- h-¶-Xv.- a-e-bm-fn- k-aq-l-¯n-sâ- a-\-k-½-X-s¯- kzm-[o-\n-¡m-³ a-X-þ- km-ap-Zm-bn-I-þ- am-[y-a- ap-¶-Wn-¡m-tbm- F-¶-Xv- tNm-Zyw- G-sd- \nÀ-®m-b-I-am-Wv.- h-e-Xp-]-£- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- PoÀ-®-hpw- \n-£n-]v-X-hp-am-b- XmÂ-]-cy-§Ä-¡m-bn- ]-c-ky-§-fpw- hmÀ-¯-I-fpw- H-¶m-bn-¯o-cp-¶- am-[y-a- kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ- A-]-N-b-s¯- tI-c-fw- F-§-s\-bm-Wv- t\-cn-«-Xv- F-¶-dn-bm-³ Ip-d-¨p-\m-fp-I-fp-sS- Im-¯n-cn-¸p- am-{X-ta- B-h-iy-am-Ip-¶p-Åq.-
2 comments:
Which font is this? I cannot read it!
MlttKarthika; yes, I got it
Post a Comment