{]Xm-]-im-en-I-fmb ZpjvS³am-cp-tStbm
tkh-¡p-\n¶p A[À½-¯nÂ- NmSn
Ah-cpsS CjvS-¯n³]Sn \S-¡p¶
]{X-¡m-c³ ]m¸-cm-tI-n-h-cn-Ã.
C§-\s¯ [À½-Nq-j-W-¯n\v
Hcp-s¼-Sp-¶-h³ AXn-]-hn-{X-amb
]{X-Nm-cn-{Xs¯ [zw-kn-¡p-¶-hcpw
hÀ¯-am\ ]{X-§Ä¡p-s]m-Xpsh
]äp¶ IoÀ¯n-tZm-js¯ Dm-¡p-¶-hcp
amIp-¶p. kX-yw, \ym-bw, \oXn apX-emb
[À½-X-X-z-§sf hnth-I-t¯msS
A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p¶ ]{X-¡m-c\v Xsâ
Dt±-i-§Ä¡v X¡-Xmb {]Xn-^ew
]W-ambn In«n-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ- IqsS Xm³
Xsâ [À½s¯ BN-cn-¨p-sh-¶pw,
AXp-h-gn-bmbn temI-t£-a-¯nsâ
A`n-hr-²nbv¡v Xm³IqsS b-Ym-iàn
]Wn-sb-Sp-¯p-sh-¶p-apÅ Nmcn-XmÀ°yw
]W-t¯-¡mÄ hne-tb-dnb {]Xn-^-e-am-bn-cn-¡pw.''
þk-z-tZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ
(hr-¯m´ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w F¶ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ- \n¶p)
1910 sk-]v-äw-_À- 26þmw- Xo-b-Xn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-sâ- Xn-cp-sh-gp-¯v- hn-fw-_-c-{]-Im-cw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ- \n-¶pw- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-sb- \m-Sp-I-S-¯n.- s]m-Xp-P-\-ln-X-s¯- I-cp-Xn- \m-Sp-I-S-¯n- A-¨p-Iq-S-hpw- km-a-{Kn-I-fpw- I-p-sI-«-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶p- cm-P-hn-fw-_-cw.- 1910 Pq-sse- 8 \v- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨- "-]p-Xn-b- {]-Êv- sd-Kp-te-j-³'- F-¶- D-]-\ym-k-am-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X- s]-s«-¶p-Å- {]-tIm-]-\w.- b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ- cm-P-hm-gv-N-bv-¡pw- D-tZym-K-Ø-Zp-jv-{]-`p-Xz-¯n-\pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- ]p-Xn-b- am-[y-a- ]-Ùm-hv- sX-fn-bn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-.- h-¡w- A-_v-ZpÄ- Jm-ZÀ- au-e-hn- ]-{X-ap-S-a- ]-{Xm-[n-]À-¡p- \Â-tI-- kzm-X-{´yw- F-´m-sW-¶-Xn-\v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-¨p.- B- ]-{X-ap-X-em-fn- ]-IÀ-¶p- \Â-In-b- \nÀ-`b-Xz-am-bn-cp-¶p- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å- F-¶- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-sâ- aq-e-[-\w.- hn-\o-X-hn-t[-b-cpw- hn-iz-kv-X-cp-am-b- t]-\-bp-´p-Im-cp-sS- ]-cn-em-f-\-I-fmÂ- kw-Xr-]v-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p- A-¡m-e-s¯- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ.- Xn-cp-hp-Å-t¡-Sv- D-m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-Å- ap-³I-cp-XÂ- C-¡q-«À- F-t¸m-gpw- ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.- ]-«pw- h-f-bpw- I-c-Ø-am-¡m-\p-Å- A-h-k-c-§Ä- ]m-gm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p-an-Ã.- Np-¶p-ap-Å D²-c-Wn) cp-¡-¯nÂ- `-c-W-¯n--sâ- X-WÂ-]-än- A-Ã-en-Ãm-sX- I-gn-ª- am-[y-a-N-cn-{X-t¯m-Sm-Wv- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- Xq-en-I-sIm-v- I-e-ln-¨-Xv.-
1780 IÂ-¡-¯-bnÂ-\n-¶pw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨- _w-KmÄ- K-k-äo-eq-sS-bm-Wv- C-³Uy-³ P-\-X- hÀ-¯-am-\- ]-{X-km-²y-X-I-sf- a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xv.- X-e-tÈ-cn-bnÂ- \n-¶pw- _m-kÂan-j-³ h-I- "cmPy-k-am-Nm-cw-'- a-e-bm-f-¯n-se- B-Zy-]-{X-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-¨p.- C-X-c-a-X-hn-`m-K-§-sf- {h-W-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶- B-Jym-\-ssi-en-bm-Wv- ]n-³Xp-SÀ-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.- ]n-¶o-Sv- ]-Ýn-tam-Z-bw,- hn-Zym-hn-em-kn-\n,- k-µn-jv-S-hm-Zn,- k-Xy-\m-Y-Im-l-fw,- tI-c-fw-,-- tI-c-f-an-{Xw- C-§-s\- \o-fp-¶p.- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ- Xp-S-¡w.- C-h- \Â-Ip-¶- H-cp- s]m-Xp-Nn-{Xw,-- a-X-]-cn-hÀ-¯-\w- DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å- km-ap-Zm-bn-I- e-£y-§Ä-¡p-th-n- ]-{X-§Ä- F-¶p-Å-Xm-Wv.- 1881þÂ- tI-c-f-an-{X-hpw,- 1884þÂ- tI-c-f-]-{Xn--I-bpw- cm-jv-{So-b-Im-c-W-§-fmÂ- ]n-d-hn-sIm--h-bm-Wv.- 1888þÂ- th-§-bnÂ- Ip-ªn-cm-a-³\m-b-cp-sS- ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ- tI-c-f-k-©m-cn- tIm-¬-{K-Êv- ]-£-]m-Xn-Xzw- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶- ]-{X-am-bn- {]-Xy-£-s¸-«p.- Cu- L-«-¯nÂ- hm-cn-I-bm-bn- Xp-S-§n-b- a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a- ]n-¶o-Sv- Zn-\-]-{X-am-bn- hn-I-kn-¨p.- A-Xn-\p-ap-¼v- X-s¶- {]-Xn-Zn-\w- B-Zy-Zn-\-]-{Xw- F-¶- \n-e-bnÂ- tIm-«-b-¯p-\n-¶pw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨v- Xp-S-§n-bn-cp-¶p.- 1906þÂ- X-e-tÈ-cn-bnÂ- \n-¶pw- {]-kn-²o-Ir-X-am-b- an-X-hm-Zn- \n-£n-]v-X-XmÂ-¸-cy-¯n-tâ-X-Ãm-¯- a-e-bm-f-¯n-se- {]-Y-a- hr-¯m-´-]-{Xw- F-¶- ]-Z-hn- t]-dp-¶p.- B-[p-\n-I-im-kv-{Xw,- km-ln-Xyw,- k-a-Xzw- Xp-S-§n-b- Nn-´-I-fpw- hy-Xy-kv-X- Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-I-fpw- A-¨-Sn-a-jn- ]p-c--Xv- an-X-hm-Zn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.- "-"-A-h-\-h-\m-ß-kp-J-¯n-\m-bv- N-cn-¡p-¶-h- A-]-c-\p-kp-J-¯n-\m-bn- h-tc-Ww-'-'- F-¶- Kp-cp-tZ-h-kq-à-am-bn-cp-¶p- an-X-hm-Zn-bp-sS- B-]v-X-hm-Iyw.- an-X-hm-Zn-s¡-Xn-cm-bn- kw-L-Sn-X-B-{I-a-W-§-fm-Wv- D-m-b-Xv.-
\nÀ-`-b-Xz-¯n-sâ- BÄ-cq-]-am-bn- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å- B-Zy-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv- tI-c-f-³ am-kn-I-bp-sS- Xm-fp-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p.- k-aq-l-¯n-se- {]-am-Wn-am-cpw- kÀ-Æm-Z-c-Wo-b-\p-am-b- kn.-hn.-cm-a-³]n-Å-bpw- a-ÅqÀ- tKm-hn-µ-]n-Å-bpw- DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å- hy-àn-Xz-§Ä- k-Zm-\-µ- tbm-Kn- F-¶- kn-²-sâ- Im-´n-I-h-e-bnÂ- Ip-cp-§n-b-t¸mÄ- A-Xv- B-ßo-b- hym-]m-c-am-sW-¶pw,- X-«n-¸m-sW-¶pw- a-e-bm-f-\n-eq-sS- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- {]-Jym-]n-¨p.- A-Xv- kr-jv-Sn-¨-Xv- h-Ãm-s¯m-cp- s]m-«n-s¯-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1906 P\p-h-cn 17 ap-XÂ- ssh-¡w- au-e-hn- F-¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶- Fw.-A-_v-ZpÄ- Jm-ZÀ- km-ln-_n-sâ- D-S-a-Ø-X-bnÂ- {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å.- A-t±-lw- B-Zy-ap-J-{]-kw-K-¯n-eq-sS- {]-Jym-]n-¨-Xv- "-"-s]m-Xp-P-\-§-fp-sS- ln-X-t¯-bpw- A-h-Im-i-§-tf-bpw- K-h-¬-sa-ân-s\- [-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- K-h-¬-sa-ân-sâ- \-S-]-Sn-I-sf- P-\-§-sf- A-dn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- R-§Ä- I-gn-bp-¶{X- Pm-{K-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-X-s¶- C-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Ip-¶p,-'-'- F-¶m-Wv-.- h-¡w- au-e-hn-bp-sS- ]qÀ-®- ]n-´p-WIq-Sn- e-`y-am-b-t¸mÄ- B- e-£y-t¯m-Sv- A-Sp-¡p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Cu- k-ao-]-\w- X-s¶-bm-h-Ww- \m-Sp-I-S-¯-s¸-«- B-Zy-s¯- ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-bn- N-cn-{X-¯nÂ- C-Sw- t\-Sm-³ C-S-bm-¡n-b-Xv.- Cu- H-cp- ]-cn-Wm-aw- F-¡m-e-t¯-bpw- am-[y-a-hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ- k-kq-£-aw- \n-co-£n-t¡-- H-¶m-Wv.- k-l-Po-hn-bm-sbm-cp- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-³ th-«-bm-S-s¸-«-t¸mÄ- a-e-bm-f-am-[y-a-tem-Iw- Zn-hm-³`-c-W-Im-e-¯-v- Zn-hm-³ ]-£-am-bn-cp-¶p.- ZpÀ-_-e-am-b- {]-Xn-tj-[w- ]-{X-§-fm-b- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\pw,- a-e-bm-fn-bpw- D-bÀ-¯n.- \-{km-Wn-Zzo-]n-I,- tI-c-f-Xm-c-I,- kp-`m-jn-Wn- Xp-S-§n-b- ]-{X-§Ä- Zn-hm-s\-¡mÄ- h-en-b- Zn-hm-³`-àn- {]-I-S-am-¡n.- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- au-\-¯nÂ- A-`-bw-tX-Sn.- A-tX-k-a-bw- a-e-_m-dnÂ-\n-¶pw- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶- ]-{X-§Ä- \m-Sp-I-¯-en-s\-Xn-sc- i-à-am-bn- cw-K-¯p-h-¶p.- ]-{X-kzm-X-{´y-¯n-sâ- F-¡m-e-t¯-bpw- h-en-b-t]m-cm-fn-bm-bn-- K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å- \m-Sp-I-S-¯-s¸-«v- a-{Zm-kn-se-¯n,- B-Zyw- sN-bv-X-Xv- a-{Zm-kv- ssl-t¡m-S-Xn-bnÂ- aq-¶v- kz-Im-cy- A-\ym-b-§Ä- ^-bÂ- sN-¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶pþ- ]m-{Sn-tbm-«v- DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å- ]-{X-§Ä-¡pw- ]-{Xm-[n-]À-¡pw- F-Xn-cm-bn.- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å- F-¶- ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-³ Zn-hm-³hm-gv-N-bv-¡pw- D-tZym-K-Ø-Zp-jv-{]-`p-Xz-¯-n-\pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- \-S-¯n-b- bp-²-t¯m-sSm-¸w- {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å-Xm-Wv- am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bn-se- PoÀ-®-X-IÄ-¡pw- k-l-Po-hn-IÄ- {]-I-S-am-¡p-¶- Zm-ky-a-t\m-`m-h-¯n-\pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- \-S-¯n-b- I-em-]-hpw.- \m-Sp-I-S-¯-en-sâ- \q-dmw- hmÀ-jn-Iw-- B-tLm-j-n-¨p-Ignªth-f-bnÂ- G-sd- {]-k-à-hpw- k-a-tbm-Nn-X-hp-am-b- H-cp- A-\p-kv-a-c-Ww- Iq-Sn-bm-Ipw- C-Xv.-
tI-c-f-¯n-se- am-[y-a-N-cn-{Xw- Xp-S-¡w- ap-XÂ- A-[n-Im-c- i-àn-I-tfm-Sp-Å- hn-t[-b-Xz-¯n-sâ- N-cn-{Xw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- XoÀ-¨-bm-bpw- \nÀ-`-b-Xz-¯n-sâ- an-¶Â-¸n-W-cp-I-tf-bpw- Im-Wm-\m-Ipw.- G-I-Xm-\-I-X-bn-sÃ-¶v- km-cw.- aq-e-[-\-i-àn-I-tfm-Sv- H-¯p-\o-§n-bmÂ- "-"-A-]-I-S-c-ln-X-hpw- A-Xp-h-gn- ]m-¸-cm-tI-n-h-cn-I-b-n-Ãm-¯- A-h-Ø-bnÂ- F-¯p-hm-\m-Ip-sa-¶v-'-'- am-[y-a- {]-hÀ-¯-IÀ- a-\-kn-em-¡n.- C-³Uy-³ kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c- Im-e-¯v- {_n-«o-jv- A-\p-Iq-e- C-³Uy-³ ]-{X-§Ä- D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xpw- \mw- HmÀ-¡p-I.- A-Sn-b-´-cm-h-Ø- {]-Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«-t¸mÄ- C-³Uy-bn-se- am-[y-a-Ip-e-]-Xn-I-fpw- am-[y-a-cw-K-hpw- {]-I-S-am-¡n-b- "-sF-Iy-t_m-[w-'- B-tem-N-\m-ar-X-am-Wv.- H-ä-Xn-cn-ªp-\n-¶-hÀ-"-"-]-W-¯n-t\-¡mÄ- h-ep-Xm-b- Nm-cn--XmÀ-°yw- A-\p-`-hn-¨p-sh-¦n-epw-'-'- k-ln-t¡-n-h-¶- ]o-U-\-§Ä- k-l-Po-hn-I-fp-sS- I-®v- Xp-d-¸n-¨n-sÃ-¶Xv- N-cn-{Xw.- hn-tam-N-\- k-a-c-Im-e-s¯- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-§-fp-sS- ssi-eo-h-Ã-`-Xzw- Iq-Sn- C-Xn-t\m-Sv- tNÀ-¯v- hm-bn-¡-Ww.- A-¡m-e-¯v-- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- Pn-lz-bm-bn-cp-¶- P-\-bp-Kw- K-h-¬-sa-âv- \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS- kzm-`m-hn-I- kw-c-£-I-cm-bn-cp-¶p.- a-¿-\m-«p-\n-¶v- B-cw-`n-¨v- sIm-Ãw- h-gn- Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯v- t]-«-bn-se-¯n-b- tI-c-f-Iu-ap-Zn- G-sd-¡p-sd- H-ä-bv-¡v-\n-¶v- hy-Xy-kv-X-kz-c-ap-bÀ-¯n.- ]-«-¯n-sâ- tI-c-f-P-\-X-bpw,- kn.-]n.-K-k-äv- F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶- a-e-bm-f- cm-Py-hpw,- I-ip-h-n- ap-X-em-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶- X-§Ä-Ip-ªv- ap-k-en-bm-cp-sS- {]-`m-X-hpw- D-±n-jv-S-Im-cy-§-¡m-bn- ]n-´p-W-¨-Xv- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-t¯-bpw- A-Xp-h-gn- tIm-¬-{K-kn-s\-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.- _n-kn-\-kv- hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-¯n-\pw- Im-cy-km-[y-¯n-\pw- th-n-bm-Wv- B- \n-e-]m-SnÂ- F-¯n-b-Xv.- a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bpw,- \-{km-Wn- Zo-]n-I-bpw,- tZ-i-_-Ôp-hpw- tIm-«-b-¯v- \n-¶pw- tI-c-f- ssSw-kv,- tI-c-f- {]-Im-iw F-¶n-h- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-\n-¶pw,-- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv,- Zo-\-_-Ôp,- sXm-gn-em-fn- C-h- Xr-Èq-cnÂ-\n-¶pw,- am-Xr-`q-an,- N-{µn-I,- Zo-\-{]-`- F-¶n- ]-{X-§Ä- tIm-gn-t¡m-«p-\n-¶pw- K-h-¬-sa-âv- hn-cp-²- B-{I-a-W-§Ä- A-gn-¨p-hn-«p.- C-S-Xp-]-£- hn-cp-²-X-bpw- {]-Xn-tem-a-]-cX-bpw- I-®n-tNÀ-¡-s¸-«- H-cp- c-k-X-{´w- a-e-bm-f- am-[y-a-cw-K-s¯- F-¡m-e-¯pw- \nÀ-®m-b-I-am-bn- \n-b-{´n-¡p-¶p-v.- ap-Jym-[m-c- am-[y-a-ap-X-em-fn-am-cpw- A-h-cp-sS- XmÂ-¸-cy-kw-c-£-WmÀ-°w- am-{Xw- hmÀ-¯-IÄ- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-¶- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cpw- k-a-Im-eo-\-tI-c-f-¯n-epw- ]n-³Xp-S-cp-¶-Xv- taÂ-]-d-ª- cm-jv-{So-bw- X-s¶-bm-Wv.- tI-c-f-¯n-se- C-¶-s¯- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«n- t\-Xr-Xzw- \n-c-´-cw- B-{I-an-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ- am-[y-a-co-Xn-im-kv-{X-hpw- a-säm-¶-Ã.-- I-½yq-Wn-Ìv-]mÀ-«n- t\-Xr-Xz-s¯- kw-Lw- tNÀ-¶v- B-{I-an-¨v- Io-gv-s¸-Sp-¯m-³ B-Ip-tam-sb-¶v- {i-an-¨- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\-t¯-bpw- am-[-y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-tc-bpw- \mw- ]-e-hp-cp- I--Xm-Wv.-'-'- C-t¸mÄ- km-¦Â-¸n-I- hmÀ-¯-I-fp-sS- th-en-tb-äw- I-gn-ªv- Xn-c-I-sfm-Sp-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.- a-e-bm-f- am-[y-a-tem-I-¯v- X-IÀ-¶p-ho-W- hn-iz-m-ky-X-bn--Ãm-¯- a-sä-´m-Wv- A-h-ti-jn-¡p-¶-Xv.- D-¨-cn-¡p-¶- hm-¡p-I-sf-¡mÄ- A-¨-Sn-¡p-¶- hm-¡p-IÄ-¡v- am-kv-a-cn-I-X-bp-s-¶p-Å-Xp-sIm-v- A-¨-Sn-a-jn-]p-c-- hm-¡p-I-fn-eq-sS- A-hm-kv-X-h-§-fp-sS- {]-f-bw- kr-jv-Sn-¨-hÀ- X-§Ä- \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨- am-[y-a-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ- F-XnÀ-{[p-h-¯n-em-sW-¶v- t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯n.- A-Xp-am-{X-a-Ã- C-³Uy-³ am-[y-a-cw-K-t¯-bv-¡v- I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶- ]p-Xn-b- {]-h-W-X-IÄ-¡pw- hn-tZ-i-Ip-¯-I-hÂ-¡-c-W-hpw- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-sc- F-{X-am-{Xw- A-tem-k-c-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-v- F-¶p-Iq-Sn- Cu- L-«-¯nÂ- Nn-´n-¡p-¶-Xv- \-¶m-bn-cn-¡pw.-
hmÀ-¯m- D-d-hn-S-s¯- kw-_-Ôn-¨- F-Ãm-kw-i-b-§Ä-¡pw- A-h-km-\w- Ip-dn-¨p-sIm-m-Wv- (Paid-)- s]-bv-Uv- tPÀ-W-en-kw- A-h-X-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.- am-[y-a-§Ä- km-¼-¯n-I- `-{Z-X-bv-¡p-th-n- Xm-cn-^v- (]-c-ky-\n-c-¡v-)- \n-Ý-bn-¨v- hy-h-km-b-n-I-sf- B-IÀ-jn-¨v- hm-Wn-Py-]-c-ky-§Ä- A-¨-Sn-¡m-dp-v.- \n-Ý-bn-¨p-d-¸n-¨- \n-c-¡v- A-\p-k-cn-¨v- \n-b-X-am-b- Ø-e-¯v- ]-c-ky-§Ä- {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv- t]m-se- hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ- hmÀ-¯-I-fpw- hn-]-W-\w- sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ- sR-«n-¸n-¡p-¶- h-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-Wv- ]p-d-¯p-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.- a-l-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- H-cp- Øm-\mÀ-°n- sX-sc-sª-Sp-¸v- I-½o-j-\p-\Â-In-b- sN-e-hp-I-W-¡nÂ- A-\p-Iq-e- hmÀ-¯-bv-¡p-th-n- ]-{X-¯n-\p- \Â-In-b- Xp-I-bp-sS- I-W-¡p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-h-s{X.- C-Xn-sâ- Np-h-Sp-]n-Sn-¨v- {]-i-kv-X-]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-b- ]n.-km-bv-\m-YpÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å-hÀ- \-S-¯n-b- A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv- C-Xv- H-ä-s¸-«- kw-`-h-a-sÃ-¶pw- am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bnÂ- \n-i-_v-Z-am-bpw- hym-]-I-am-bpw- \-S-¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- {]-h-W-X-bm-Wn-sX-¶pw Xn-cn-¨-dn-ª-Xv.- sX-sc-sª-Sp-¸v- L-«-§-fnÂ- Nn-e-sc- C-I-gv-¯m-\pw- Nn-e-sc- ]p-I-gv-¯m-\pw- Iq-en- hm-§n- hmÀ-¯-sb-gp-¯p-\-S-¯p-¶- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS- Im-e-¯v- hmÀ-¯-IÄ-¡v- hn-izm-ky-X- \-jv-S-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.- A-¨-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶- H-tcm- hm-¡p-IÄ-¡v- ]n-¶n-epw- hn-\-n-a-bw- sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶- Xp-I-sb-{X-bm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶- A-t\z-j-Ww- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-sc- ]-cn-lm-ky-cm-¡n-am-äp-I- Iq-Sn- sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p.- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-t¯--Xn-Ãm-¯- hmÀ-¯m- D-d-hn-S-§-sf¸än-- hm-Nm-e-cm-Ip-¶- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ- Iq-en-sb-gp-¯n-eq-sS- b-YmÀ-°- am-[y-a-kw-kv-Im-c-s¯- am-\-`w-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv- sN-¿p-¶-Xv.- b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ- au-en-I-hm-Z-t¯m-fw- F-¯p-¶- am-[y-a-hm-Zw- sh-Ãp-hn-fn-I-tf-bpw- bm-YmÀ-°y-§-tf-bpw- A-`n-ap-Jn-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ- ]-cn-lm-ky-am-Ipw-hn-[w- ]-cm-P-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.- a-e-bm-f-¯n-se- B-Zy- K-h-¬-sa-ân-X-c- Nm-\Â- (G-jym-s\-äv-)- C-¶v- ÌmÀ- Pq-¸n-äÀ- F-¶- kw-bp-à-kw-cw-`-¯nÂ- ]-¦m-fn-bm-Wv.- dp-¸À-«v- aÀ-tUm-¡v- Z-£n-tW-´y-bn-se- am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bn-te-bv-¡v- I-hm-Sw- Xp-d-¶-Xv- C-Xp-h-gn-bm-Wv.- sIm-tfm-Wn-b-³ H-ky-¯v- {]-Im-cw- C-³Uy-³ ]-{X-§-fp-sS- D-S-a-Ø-X- ]qÀ-®-am-bpw- C-³Uy-¡m-cp-tS-X-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.- 1955Â- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«- \n-b-aw- h-gn-bm-Wv- C-³Uy-³ B-`y-´-c-Ip-¯-I-I-sf- kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- \n-b-aw- sIm-v- h-¶-Xv.- B- \n-b-a-s¯- h-Ôyw-I-cn-¨v-sIm-v- 2002 Â- ]m-km-¡n-b- \n-b-aw- h-gn-bm-Wv- _-lp-cm-jv-{S-Ip-¯-I-IÄ- hn-hn-[-amÀ-¤-§-fn-eq-sS- C-³Uy-³ am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bn-te-¡v- I-S-¶p-h-¶-Xv.- hmÀ-¯m-Nm-\-ep-I-fnÂ- 26%- Hm-l-cn- hn-tZ-i-am-[y-a-§Ä-¡v- A-\p-h-Zn-¨p. A-tX- k-a-bw- F-âÀ-sS-bn-³sa-âv,- im-kv-{X-km-t¦-Xn-I- hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-«- am-[y-a-§-fnÂ- 100%- Hm-l-cn-I-fm-Wv- A-\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.- C-¶v- ]-e- hmÀ-¯m-Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- F-âÀ-sS-bn-³sa-âv-þ-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- Iq-Sn- B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ- s]m-cpÄ- C-Xm-Wv.- Nm-\Â- \-S-¯n-¸n-\m-bn- hn-tZ-i- aq-e-[-\w- k-am-l-cn-¡p-¶- am-[y-a-\-S-¯n-¸p-ImÀ- hmÀ-¯m-Nm-\-ep-I-fn-eq-sS- {]-k-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv- dp-¸À-«v- aÀ-tUm-¡n-sâ-bpw- Ip-¯-I-am-[y-a-§-fp-tS-bpw- Cw-Kn-X-§-fm-bn-cn-¡pw.- tI-c-f-¯nÂ- km-¼-¯n-I-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-bnÂ- ap-§n-Xm-W P-]v-Xn-h-¡n-se-¯n-b- hmÀ-¯m-Nm-\-ep-IÄ- F-âÀ-sS-bn-³sa-âv- Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- B-ßo-b-Nm-\-ep-I-fpw- Xp-S-§p-sa-¶v- {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xv- hn-tZ-i-ap-X-em-fn-am-sc- I-S-¡-s®-dn-ªp-sIm-m-Wv.- A-¨-Sn- am-[y-a-cw-K-t¯-bpw- Øn-Xn- hy-Xy-kv-X-a-Ã.- C-âÀ-\m-j-WÂ- sl-dmÄ-Uv- {Sn-_q-WÂ,- ]n-tb-gv-k-¬- {Kq-¸v-kv,- ^n-\m-³jyÂ- ssSw-kv- F-¶o- I-¼-\n-IÄ- \nÀ-Wm-b-I-am-b- C-³Uy-³ Hm-l-cn-IÄ- ssI-¡-em-¡n.- dp-¸À-«v- aÀ-tUm-¡v- X-s¶- B-\-µ-_-kmÀ- {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fn-te-¡v- {]-th-in-¨v- I-gn-ªp.- 2.-2 an-ey-¬- tIm-¸n- kÀ-¡p-te-j-\p-Å- ln-µn- Zn-\-]-{Xw- ssZ-\-Iv- Pm-K-c-¬- {_n-«-\n-se- C-ân-s]-sâ-sâp-am-bn- [m-c-W-bn-se-¯n,- _v-fm-¡v- tÌm-¬- I-¼-\n- sX-ep-¦n-se- Cu-\m-Sv- {Kq-¸p-am-bpw.-- C-¶pw- ]-{Xhm-b-\- io-e-am-¡n-bn-«n-Ãm-¯- 359 an-ey-¬- km-£-c-cm-b- C-³Uy-³ ]u-c-·m-sc- e-£yw-h-¨m-Wv- _-lp-cm-jv-{S-am-[y-a-Ip-¯-I-I-I-fp-sS- ]-S-sbm-cp-¡w.- ss\-Xn-I-X-bpw- [mÀ-½n-I-X-bpw- Xq-en-I-bp-sS- [o-c-X-bpw- hn-Uv-Vn-¯-am-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p- Xp-S-§n-b- am-[y-a-cw-K-¯v- C-sX-´v- {]-Xn-I-c-W-am-Ipw- kr-jv-Sn-¡p-I.- Cu- tNm-Zy-¯n-sâ- D-¯-cw- kzm-X-{´y-k-a-c-Im-e-s¯- ]-{Xm-\p-`-h-§-fpw- A-Sn-b-´n-cm-h-Ø-bn-se- hn-\o-X-hn-t[-b-Xz-hpw- ]-{Xm-[n-]À- \m-Sp-I-S-¯-s¸-«-t¸mÄ- {]-I-S-am-¡n-b- \nÀ-e-Ö-am-b- \n-Ê-lm-b-X-bp-am-Wv.- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ- kw-`-h-§-fp-sS- k-lm-bn-I-fpw- N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ- I-c-sS-gp-¯p-Im-cp-am-sW-s¶m-cp- Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-v.- F-¶mÂ,- C-¶v- km-{am-Py-Xzm-\p-Iq-e- km-¼-¯n-I-þ-km-aq-ln-I- ZÀ-i-\-§Ä-¡-\p-Iq-e-am-b- a-\x-im-kv-{Xm-£m-´-co-£w- kr-ãn-¡-em-bn-cn-¡p-¶p- C-¶-s¯- ap-Jy-[m-cm- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ- \n-tbm-Kw.- A-Zr-iy-am-b- a-kv-Xn--jv-I-§-fnÂ-\n-¶pw- {]-k-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-s¶m-cp- tcm-K-{K-kv-X-am-b- s]m-Xp-t_m-[w- am-[y-a-k-aq-l-s¯-bm-gv-¶p-\nÂ-¡p-¶p.- A-Xv- kw-hm-Z-§-fn-eq-sS- cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶-X-Ã.- Im-cy-Im-c-W- hn-i-I-e-\-§-fp-sS- kr-ãn-bp-a-Ã.- a-dn-¨v- Ir-Xy-am-sbm-cp- e-£yw- ]n-´p-S-cp-\-\- am-[y-a-þ-Ip-¯-I-þ-cm-{ão-b- A-¨p-X-n-\mÂ- D-S-se-Sp-¯- H-¶m-Wv.- kz-bw- kw-km-cn-¡p-¶- \n-c-h-[n- D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fp-v- \-½p-sS- ap-¶nÂ.- Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ- A-dn-bm-\p-Å- A-h-Im-iw- \n-tj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv-Xm-³ h-cn-¡m-c-\m-b- ]-{X-¯n-em-sW-¶- h-kv-Xp-X-bn-te-¡v- hm-b-\-¡m-c-³ F-t¯-n-h-cpw.
kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS- \m-Sp-I-S-¯-en-s\-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS- ]o-U-\-§-fmÂ- kw-`-hn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-ew-L-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v- HmÀ-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv- A-\p-Nn-X-am-hpw.- ssI-bn-se- Xq-en-I-{_-Òm-kv-{X-am-sW-¶pw- A-Xp-sIm-v- F-Ãm-¯n-t\-bpw- `-kv-ao-I-cn-¡m-\m-hp-sa-¶pw- A-l-¦-cn-¡p-¶- am-\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bn-te-¡v- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-À-- F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶p. K-¬-t]m-bn-ân-\p- ]-I-cw- s]-³t]m-bn-ân-\mÂ- X-§Ä-¡n-jv-S-an-Ãm-¯-h-sc- `o-j-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯n- h-cp-Xn-bn-em-¡m-sa-¶v- Nn-e- am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-sc-¦n-epw- [-cn-¨v- h-¨n-«p-v.- kz-bw- N-a-¨- km-¦-ev-]n-I- knw-lm-k-\-§-fn-en-cp-¶v- A-£-c-§Ä-sIm-v- B-{I-a-Ww- \-S-¯p-¶- N-©-e-a-\-Êp-IÄ- am-[y-a-tem-I-¯n-\v- A-]-am-\w- X-s¶.- t]\bnÂ-\n-¶v- H-cp- I-S-em-kp-Xm-fn-te-¡v- ]-IÀ-¯-s¸-Sp-¶- H-cp- hy-àn-bp-sS- XmÂ-¸-cyw- A-¨-Sn-a-jn-]p-c-fp-t¼mÄ- e-£-¡-W-¡m-b- hm-b-\-¡m-cp-sS- a-\-Ên-em-Wv- sN-¶p- X-d-bv-¡p-¶-Xv.- Nn-eÀ-]-d-bpw- sk-³tk-j-W-en-k-am-sW-¶v,- Nn-eÀ-¡v- kv-Iq-¸v,- a-äp-Nn-eÀ-¡v- A-Xn-Po-h-\w.- Hm-tcm- _o--äp-I-fn-epw- Np-a-Xe-s¸-«-hÀ- F-Iv-kv-I-fq-ko-hp-I-fpw- Cw-]m-Iv-Sp-I-fpw- X-c-s¸-Sp-¯m-³ ]-c-¡w-]m-bp-t¼mÄ- ]-e-t¸m-gpw- N-hn-«n-b-c-bv-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv- ]u-cm-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv.- am-[y-a-th-jw-]q-- Cu- `o-I-cm-{I-a-W-¯n-\v- ]-e-t¸m-gpw- X-W-te-Ip-¶-Xv- s]m-Xp-{]-hÀ-¯-I-c-sW-¶-Xm-Wv- G-sd-\nÀ-`m-Ky-I-cw.- {]-t£m-`-§-fp-tS-tbm,- bm-X\m--\p-`-h-§-fp-tS-tbm- ]n-³_-e-an-Ãm-sX- am-[y-a-ap-Xem-fn-I-fp-sS- C-fw- Nq-SnÂ- hn-cn-ªp-h-fÀ-¶- Nn-e- t{_m-bn-eÀ- cm-jv-{So-b- in--ip-¡Ä- cm-jv-{So-b-¯n-sâ- aÀ-½-Øm-\-§-fn-te-¡v- h-fÀ-s¶-¯n-bn-«p-v.- Im-X-en-Ãm-bv-a-bnÂ- \n-¶v- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-te-¡v- h-fÀ-¶-hÀ- I-S-¸m-Sn-\mÂ- Io-g-S-§p-t¼m-gm-Wv- am-[y--a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS- Xq-en-I-bv-¡v- A-kp-c-`m-hw- ssI-h-cp-¶-Xv.- Po-hn-X-Zp-cn-X-§-fp-sS- kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ- \n-¶pw- ]m-T-§Ä- ]-Tn-¨v- hn-i-¸n-tâ-bpw- Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-tâ-bpw- k-a-ky-IÄ- \nÀ-²m-c-Ww- sN-¿m-³ {i-an-¡p-¶- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-hÀ-¯-I-sc- h-f-ªm-{I-an-¡m-³ kw-Lw- tN-cp-¶-Xv- \nÀ-`-b-Xz-a-Ã- `o-cp-Xz-am-Wv.- am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bnÂ- A-Xv- G-sd- A-]-I-S-I-c-am-sW-¶v- B-Zyw- HmÀ-½-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bm-Wv.- tI-c-f- hn-]-©n-I-bnÂ- 1077 ao-\w- \m-en-se- ap-J-{]-kw-K-¯n-sâ- hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e- {]-k-àn- F-{X-am-{X-am-sW-¶v- HmÀ-¯p-t\m-¡p-I.-
-"-"-s]m-Sn-¸pw- sXm-§-ep-ap-Å- F-gp-¯p-Ip-¯p-IÄ- `m-jm-]-{X-§-fnÂ- \n-¶pw- \o-§n-bm-e-Ãm-sX- C-h-¡p- Ku-c-hw- kn-²n-¡p-¶-X-Ã.- kw-K-Xn-I-sf- bm-YmÀ-°y-am-bpw- X-·-b-am-bpw- F-gp-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡m-³ {i-an-¡-b-Ãm-sX- A-t\ym--t±-it¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn- Zq-jy-s¸-Sp-¯n- F-gp-Xp-¶-Xv- \o-N-Ir-Xy-am-Ip-¶p.- H-cp- Im-cyw- \-S-¶mÂ- A-tX-hn-[w- F-gp-Xn-A-dn-bn-¡m-³ I-gn-bm-¯- te-J-I-³am-cm-cp-an-Ã.- C-hÀ- X-§-fp-sS- A-XnÀ-¯n-I-sf- D-Ãw-Ln-¡m-Xn-cp-¶mÂ- ]-{Xm-[n-]-·mÀ-¡v- ]q-Py-³am-cm-b- _-Ôp-¡-fm-bpw- hm-b-\-¡mÀ-¡v- hn-iz-kv-X-an-{X-§-fm-bpw- \m-«n-\v- A-`n-am-\-Kp-W-³am-cm-bp-an-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Ip-¶p.- F-¶mÂ- Nn-e- t]-sc-Sp-¯- te-J-I-³amÀ- Iq-Sn-bpw- \-Ã- ]-{X-§Ä-h-gn- kzmÀ-°-s¯- I-cp-Xn- A-k-Xy-{]-I-S-\-§Ä- sN-bv-Xv- \-½p-sS- s]m-Xp-P-\-Zm-k-·m-sc-bpw- P-\-§-sf-bpw- sh-dp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv- H-cp- \yq-\-X-bm-Ip-¶p.- D-Õ-h-Im-e-¯v- k-Zy- ]-IÀ-¨-sIm-Sp-¯n-sÃ-¶p-h-t¨m,- Xm-³ Im-Wp-hm-³ sN-¶-XnÂ- k-a-b-an-sÃ-¶p- ]-d-ªp-sh-t¶mÀ-t¯m- a-täm- H-cp- t]-jv-Im-tc-sbm,- X-l-koÂ-Zm-tc-tbm- A-h-cp-sS- \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-tbm- B-t£-]n-¡p-hm-³ H-cp- te-J-I-³ ]p-d-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw- A-Xn-s\- ]-{Xm-[n-]-·mÀ- hn-iz-kv-X-am-bn- ]-c-ky-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xpw- ]-{X-§Ä-¡v- a-\-£-b- tl-Xp-hm-Ip-¶p.-'-'-
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